{ "version": "19.0.0", "generated": "2026-07-31", "roleDefinitions": { "external-anchor": { "label": "External historical anchor", "description": "The displayed date or range is independently controlled by inscriptions, regnal chronology, astronomy, or another external synchronism." }, "representative-coordinate": { "label": "Representative timeline coordinate", "description": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval." }, "model-coordinate": { "label": "Adopted model coordinate", "description": "The placement is generated by the project’s selected chronology and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered date." }, "relative-sequence": { "label": "Relative sequence only", "description": "Order is more secure than absolute placement." }, "schematic-period": { "label": "Schematic literary period", "description": "The number describes a generation, era, or literary structure rather than an exact stopwatch duration." }, "two-option-window": { "label": "Two-option historical window", "description": "Two principal dates remain viable under the stated calendar or regnal constraints." }, "undated": { "label": "Not independently datable", "description": "The project does not claim a defensible absolute date." } }, "records": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Before c. 1800 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "theological-text", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-primeval-history" }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh and a Possible Terah Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1800–1750 BCE", "year": -1775, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The placement is generated by the project’s selected chronology and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered date.", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE context; Terah himself is not independently datable", "historicalBoundary": "Terru is documented at Urkesh in the Old Babylonian world. No surviving text connects him with Abraham’s family.", "projectReconstruction": "The adopted model provisionally identifies Terru with Terah and places the patriarchal sequence in the same broad northern Mesopotamian horizon.", "dependencies": [ "The proposed name relationship between Terru and Terah", "The project’s Middle Bronze placement of the patriarchal traditions", "A geographical association among Urkesh, Harran, and the wider northern Mesopotamian corridor" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The Old Babylonian setting of northern Mesopotamia remains documented", "The project can retain a broad Middle Bronze patriarchal horizon without identifying Terru as Terah", "Later Joseph and Exodus models do not logically require the Terru equation" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A secure linguistic derivation against the equation or a definitive alternative identification would remove the proposed identity without collapsing the broader patriarchal setting.", "alternatives": [ "Terah remains historically unidentified", "The patriarchal traditions cannot be absolutely dated", "Terru is only a contextual contemporary" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-terru-terah" }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "historicalBoundary": "Genesis places Abraham within an ancient Near Eastern world of mobile households, cities, treaties, and pastoral movement, but it provides no externally recoverable absolute year.", "projectReconstruction": "The timeline retains c. 1780–1760 BCE as a model coordinate within the adopted Middle Bronze reconstruction.", "dependencies": [ "The project’s broader patriarchal model", "Relative sequence between Terah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The narrative sequence remains intact", "The project may widen the patriarchal period without altering the later externally anchored chronology" ], "weakeningEvidence": "The exact coordinate should move if the Terru or Hammurabi identifications are abandoned; the broad historical horizon need not move with them.", "alternatives": [ "Undated patriarchal traditions", "A wider second-millennium BCE setting" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-abraham-call" }, { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1775–1761 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-context", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-mari-zimrilim" }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1760 BCE", "year": -1760, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The placement is generated by the project’s selected chronology and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered date.", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified", "historicalBoundary": "Hammurabi and the coalition politics of the Old Babylonian world are documented. No Babylonian source identifies him with Amraphel or places him in the exact Genesis 14 coalition.", "projectReconstruction": "The adopted model retains Amraphel = Hammurabi as an explicit working hypothesis and uses c. 1760 BCE as a timeline coordinate.", "dependencies": [ "A disputed phonetic relationship", "Identification of Shinar with Babylonia", "The assumption that Genesis 14 preserves an Old Babylonian political memory" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Genesis 14 may still reflect authentic knowledge of an Old Babylonian-style geopolitical world", "Abraham may remain broadly located in a Middle Bronze horizon", "The later Joseph chronology does not require the equation" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A superior identification for Amraphel or decisive linguistic rejection would remove the equation while leaving the contextual comparison intact.", "alternatives": [ "Amraphel is an unidentified Mesopotamian ruler", "Genesis 14 is a later literary construction using archaizing geography", "The episode preserves composite historical memories" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-amraphel-hammurabi" }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1750–1650 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-isaac-jacob" }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1630–1600 BCE", "year": -1615, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The placement is generated by the project’s selected chronology and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered date.", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable", "historicalBoundary": "Avaris, Hyksos rule, and substantial West Semitic populations in the eastern Delta are documented.", "projectReconstruction": "The adopted model places Joseph c. 1630–1600 BCE under a Hyksos ruler because that setting provides a coherent explanation for his rise and the reception of Jacob’s household.", "dependencies": [ "Genesis interpreted as preserving substantial historical memory", "A Hyksos rather than earlier or later Egyptian setting", "The assumed compatibility of Joseph’s office with a western Asiatic court" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The eastern-Delta setting remains historically relevant", "The Joseph tradition may be placed in another Egyptian period", "The Ramesside Exodus model can survive without a Hyksos Joseph" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A persuasive Egyptian-period identification incompatible with Hyksos chronology would revise the project coordinate but not erase the Joseph tradition.", "alternatives": [ "Joseph in another Egyptian period", "A literary memory combining several Egyptian settings", "No recoverable historical Joseph chronology" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-joseph-hyksos" }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1625–1600 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jacob-egypt" }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1650–1550 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-hyksos-egypt" }, { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1595 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-context", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-hittite-sack-babylon" }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris, conventionally in the mid-sixteenth century BCE", "historicalBoundary": "Avaris was conquered and captives were enslaved; no source identifies those captives as Israelites.", "projectReconstruction": "The project treats this dynastic reversal as the beginning of a long process of subjugating eastern-Delta Asiatic communities.", "dependencies": [ "Joseph is placed under the Hyksos", "The new dynasty repudiated the previous regime’s protections", "Some remaining Asiatic residents were absorbed into coerced labor" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Ahmose I conquered Avaris", "The inscription of Ahmose son of Abana records captives and slavery", "Levantine communities lived in the eastern Delta" ], "weakeningEvidence": "Evidence that no substantial Asiatic population remained or entered state labor systems after the conquest would weaken the proposed link.", "alternatives": [ "Servitude began later in the Eighteenth Dynasty", "Exodus 1 preserves a generalized memory of Egyptian corvée", "The narrative is primarily literary" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-hyksos-expulsion" }, { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1457 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-thutmose-megiddo" }, { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1550–1350 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-egyptian-empire" }, { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1353–1336 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-amarna-crisis" }, { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1350–1330 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-amarna-letters" }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The placement is generated by the project’s selected chronology and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered date.", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "historicalBoundary": "The biblical sequence places birth after oppression and the male-infant decree.", "projectReconstruction": "Birth and the decree are placed under Ay after the Zannanza crisis.", "dependencies": [ "The Zannanza crisis supplied the war fear", "Ay was the relevant ruler", "Moses’s age totals are not exact absolute chronology" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The biblical infancy narrative remains", "The multi-reign model can shift the birth within the late Eighteenth Dynasty" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A literal age-80 requirement for the 1254 BCE Exodus is incompatible with this placement.", "alternatives": [ "Birth under Horemheb", "Birth under a Ramesside ruler", "Undated literary infancy tradition" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-moses-born" }, { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1323 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-tutankhamun-death" }, { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "External historical anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed date or range is independently controlled by inscriptions, regnal chronology, astronomy, or another external synchronism.", "historicalRange": "Late-Eighteenth-Dynasty succession crisis", "historicalBoundary": "Hittite texts attest the Egyptian queen’s request, Zannanza’s mission and death, and subsequent hostility.", "projectReconstruction": "The project uses the crisis as the political setting for the fear in Exodus 1:10; it does not claim the infant decree is externally attested.", "dependencies": [ "Exodus 1:10 reflects a remembered security crisis", "Eastern-Delta Asiatic laborers were perceived as politically suspect" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The Zannanza affair remains historical", "Egypt–Hatti hostility remains the geopolitical background" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A securely different chronology for Moses or the infant decree would remove the proposed link.", "alternatives": [ "A general rather than specific foreign-war fear", "A later Ramesside crisis", "Literary royal paranoia motif" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-core", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-zannanza-affair" }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1319–1292 BCE · restoration context", "year": -1305, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "historicalBoundary": "The Great Edict documents administrative reform but does not mention Moses or Israel.", "projectReconstruction": "The project places Moses’s adulthood and flight under Horemheb.", "dependencies": [ "Moses was born around the late-Eighteenth-Dynasty crisis", "His age at flight was not exactly forty" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Horemheb’s reign and reforms remain historical", "Moses’s flight may be placed under another ruler" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A secure Moses chronology outside Horemheb’s reign would remove the identification.", "alternatives": [ "Flight under Seti I", "Flight under another late-Eighteenth-Dynasty ruler", "Undated narrative" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-horemheb-oppression" }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 1294–1279 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-seti-campaigns" }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "roleLabel": "Relative sequence only", "roleDescription": "Order is more secure than absolute placement.", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "historicalBoundary": "The order of flight, residence, call, and return is textual; exact duration is not externally fixed.", "projectReconstruction": "The forty-year block in Acts is treated as schematic or non-controlling.", "dependencies": [ "Horemheb flight placement", "1254 BCE adopted Exodus" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Moses resides in Midian before returning in the narrative" ], "weakeningEvidence": "Literal forty-year age blocks require a different birth and flight chronology.", "alternatives": [ "Shorter Midian residence", "Traditional forty-year residence", "No absolute dates" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-moses-midian" }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 1279–1213 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-context", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ramesses-reign" }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 1274 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-kadesh" }, { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1259 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-egypt-hatti-treaty" }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "roleLabel": "Relative sequence only", "roleDescription": "Order is more secure than absolute placement.", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "historicalBoundary": "The commission occurs after Moses’s Midianite residence and immediately precedes his return and confrontation with Pharaoh.", "projectReconstruction": "The project places the call and return in c. 1255–1254 BCE, immediately before the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "dependencies": [ "The adopted Ramesside Exodus window", "Relative narrative order rather than exact elapsed years" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The relative sequence remains intact if the Exodus coordinate shifts" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A revised Exodus range automatically moves this coordinate.", "alternatives": [ "No recoverable civil year" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-burning-bush" }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The placement is generated by the project’s selected chronology and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered date.", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "Royal succession evidence identifies the firstborn crown prince and his disappearance from the succession; it does not preserve his cause of death.", "projectReconstruction": "The project selects 1254 BCE and identifies the prince with Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12.", "dependencies": [ "Ramesses II is the Exodus pharaoh", "Amun-her-khepeshef died near Year 25", "The biblical royal firstborn can be an adult heir" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The Ramesside setting and Pi-Ramesses context remain", "The prince’s succession history remains historical", "The Exodus may remain somewhere in a wider Ramesside window" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A secure death date outside the proposed window or a different Exodus pharaoh would collapse the exact synchronism.", "alternatives": [ "Another royal firstborn", "A nonliteral plague tradition", "A Ramesside Exodus without a known prince synchronism" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-plagues-passover" }, { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The placement is generated by the project’s selected chronology and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered date.", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "historicalBoundary": "Pi-Ramesses is historically real; Amun-her-khepeshef’s succession change falls near Year 25; Israel is independently attested in Canaan by c. 1208 BCE.", "projectReconstruction": "The project identifies the prince’s death with the tenth plague and places departure in the same year.", "dependencies": [ "The Exodus tradition preserves a departure from Egypt", "Ramesses II is the relevant pharaoh", "Amun-her-khepeshef is the royal firstborn of Exodus 12", "A forty-year project interval can end by c. 1214 BCE" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The eastern-Delta Ramesside context remains", "A broader Ramesside Exodus model remains possible", "Israel’s presence in Canaan by 1208 BCE remains secure" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A secure alternative cause/date for the prince’s death or an Exodus chronology incompatible with Year 25 would remove the exact date.", "alternatives": [ "Ramesside departure at another point in the reign", "Smaller Egyptian-origin group", "Multiple departure memories", "Predominantly indigenous emergence with an Egyptian component" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-exodus" }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1254 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-sea-crossing" }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "roleLabel": "Schematic literary period", "roleDescription": "The number describes a generation, era, or literary structure rather than an exact stopwatch duration.", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "historicalBoundary": "The interval must end before Israel is attested in Canaan around 1208 BCE.", "projectReconstruction": "The adopted model retains forty years from the 1254 BCE departure to a c. 1214 BCE Jordan transition.", "dependencies": [ "1254 BCE Exodus coordinate", "Forty-year wilderness retained as project arithmetic" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The wilderness tradition remains central to the biblical sequence", "A shorter interval can still satisfy the Merneptah boundary" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A much longer interval would conflict with the 1208 BCE external boundary.", "alternatives": [ "Schematic generation", "Shorter historical movement", "Composite wilderness traditions" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-sinai-wilderness" }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The placement is generated by the project’s selected chronology and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered date.", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "Israel must be in Canaan by the Merneptah Stela.", "projectReconstruction": "1254 minus forty produces the c. 1214 BCE transition.", "dependencies": [ "1254 BCE departure", "Forty-year project interval" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "A pre-1208 settlement transition remains required by the model" ], "weakeningEvidence": "Treating forty years as schematic moves the coordinate.", "alternatives": [ "Earlier or later within the pre-1208 window" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-moses-death-jordan" }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The placement is generated by the project’s selected chronology and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered date.", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "historicalBoundary": "Highland demographic change and the Late Bronze–Iron I transition are archaeological realities. Jericho does not provide a simple thirteenth-century destruction match.", "projectReconstruction": "The project places the opening campaign traditions near the beginning of the c. 1214–1208 BCE settlement horizon and treats the sequence as a literary compression of migration, localized conflict, alliance, and territorial consolidation involving particular Israelite groups.", "dependencies": [ "Joshua preserves historical memories", "The narratives compress geographically distinct events", "Israelite identity formed through both incoming and indigenous populations" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Highland settlement and Israelite ethnogenesis remain", "The Merneptah anchor remains", "Joshua may preserve memory without a uniform conquest" ], "weakeningEvidence": "The model should be revised if it requires every listed city to have one matching destruction layer.", "alternatives": [ "Gradual settlement", "Peasant or pastoral reorganization", "Mixed migration and indigenous ethnogenesis", "Localized campaigns later unified literarily" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jericho-campaign" }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1208 BCE · settlement horizon", "year": -1211, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; securely before c. 1208 BCE", "historicalBoundary": "The Merneptah Stela names Israel in Canaan around 1208 BCE.", "projectReconstruction": "The project places the Jordan transition around 1214 BCE and allows settlement/ethnogenesis to develop before Merneptah.", "dependencies": [ "1254 BCE Exodus coordinate", "Forty-year project interval" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Israel in Canaan by 1208 BCE remains externally secure" ], "weakeningEvidence": "The exact 1214 coordinate moves if the wilderness figure is schematic.", "alternatives": [ "Longer indigenous emergence", "Mixed migration and local development", "Different conquest chronology" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-israel-canaan" }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1208 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-merneptah" }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "roleLabel": "Relative sequence only", "roleDescription": "Order is more secure than absolute placement.", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "historicalBoundary": "Joshua’s death functions as a literary and generational transition into the regional Judges narratives.", "projectReconstruction": "The project retains a representative coordinate after the principal settlement horizon.", "dependencies": [ "The adopted relative sequence" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The settlement-to-Judges transition remains", "No external anchor depends on Joshua’s exact death year" ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should not be used as an independently established year.", "alternatives": [ "Longer overlap between Joshua traditions and early Judges crises" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-shechem-joshua-death" }, { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1200–1150 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-context", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-bronze-age-collapse" }, { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor-with-broad-crisis-window", "roleLabel": "external-anchor-with-broad-crisis-window", "roleDescription": "", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1208–1177 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-core", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-sea-peoples-crisis" }, { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1175–1100 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-supported", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-philistine-settlement" }, { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1200–1050 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judges" }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judges-dan-migration" }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Early Judges era · literary appendix as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judges-benjamin-war" }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Early Judges era · broad working placement as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-othniel" }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-ehud" }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-shamgar" }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Middle Judges era · regional overlap as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-deborah-barak" }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-gideon" }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains After Gideon · three-year local rule as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-abimelech" }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-tola-jair" }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Late Judges era · before the monarchy as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-jephthah" }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-samson" }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Late Judges era · regional overlap as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-judge-ibzan-elon-abdon" }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ruth-judges" }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1100–1050 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-shiloh-samuel" }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1075–1055 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ark-captured-aphek" }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1060–1050 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-samuel-mizpah" }, { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1050–1010 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-saul" }, { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1010–970 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-supported", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-david" }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1003 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-david-captures-jerusalem" }, { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 1000 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ark-davidic-covenant" }, { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 970–931 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-solomon" }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 965–960 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-first-temple-dedication" }, { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 931 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-divided-kingdom" }, { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 925 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-shoshenq-campaign" }, { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 880 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-supported", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-omri-samaria" }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 860–853 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-elijah-carmel" }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at the Battle of Qarqar", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 853 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Historical setting of 1 Kings 16–22", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-qarqar" }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 850–800 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-elisha-aramean-wars" }, { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 841 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jehu" }, { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 840 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-mesha-stele" }, { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 840–800 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-tel-dan-stele" }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II, Uzziah, and Eighth-Century Prosperity", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 790–740 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-supported", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jeroboam-uzziah" }, { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "Tiglath-pileser III Transforms the Levant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -735, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 745–727 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-tiglath-pileser" }, { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 734–732 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-syro-ephraimite" }, { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 732 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-assyria-damascus-galilee" }, { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Samaria Falls to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 722/721 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 17", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-samaria-falls" }, { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 701 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-context", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-hezekiah-tunnel" }, { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 701 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-sennacherib" }, { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 697–642 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-context", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-manasseh-reign" }, { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 640–609 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-josiah" }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 622/621 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-josiah-scroll-passover" }, { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 609 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-josiah-death-megiddo" }, { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 605 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-carchemish" }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 605 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-daniel-first-captives" }, { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 597 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-first-babylonian-exile" }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 593/592 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ezekiel-call" }, { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 589–588 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-lachish-letters" }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 586 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jerusalem-586" }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 586/585 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel" }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 586–582 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-gedaliah-aftermath" }, { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "title": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "561/560 BCE", "year": -560, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 561/560 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-supported", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "2 Kings 25:27–30; Jeremiah 52:31–34", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jehoiachin-released" }, { "eventId": "cyrus", "title": "Cyrus Conquers Babylon and Authorizes Return", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "539–538 BCE", "year": -539, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 539–538 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Ezra 1; Isaiah 44–45", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-cyrus" }, { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 538–520 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-zerubbabel-return" }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 516 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-second-temple" }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther at the Persian Court", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483–473 BCE", "year": -478, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 483–473 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Esther 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-esther-persian-court" }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 474/473 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-purim-crisis" }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 458–445 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ezra-nehemiah" }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 445/444 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-nehemiah-wall" }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 450–430 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-malachi-late-persian" }, { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 500–400 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-elephantine", "asor-elephantine" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-elephantine-community" }, { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 332 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-alexander" }, { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 280–150 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-supported", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-septuagint-origins" }, { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 301–198 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-context", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ptolemaic-seleucid-judea" }, { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 167–164 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-maccabees" }, { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 142–63 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-hasmonean-state" }, { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 250 BCE–70 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-dead-sea-scrolls-community" }, { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 63 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-pompey" }, { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–1 BCE in this model", "year": -37, "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "roleLabel": "External historical anchor", "roleDescription": "The displayed date or range is independently controlled by inscriptions, regnal chronology, astronomy, or another external synchronism.", "historicalRange": "Rule begins 37 BCE; death disputed between 4 BCE conventional and 1 BCE project model", "historicalBoundary": "Herod’s reign and client-kingship are externally documented. The death year remains disputed in the project’s source comparison.", "projectReconstruction": "The adopted model uses a 1 BCE death; the historical-minimum and conventional views keep the 4 BCE majority position visible.", "dependencies": [ "Josephus chronology and eclipse interpretation", "Regnal-year calculation" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Herod’s reign and connection to the infancy chronology remain", "A 4 BCE death shifts the birth range but does not affect the later crucifixion candidates" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A decisive Josephus/eclipses argument for 4 BCE would remove the 1 BCE placement.", "alternatives": [ "4 BCE majority chronology", "1 BCE minority chronology" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-herod" }, { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 20/19 BCE onward as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-herod-temple" }, { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 27 BCE–14 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-context", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-augustus-principate" }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "September 11, 3 BCE · project astronomical hypothesis", "year": -3, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The placement is generated by the project’s selected chronology and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered date.", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "historicalBoundary": "Yeshua was born before Herod’s death in Matthew’s sequence. No first-century source records an exact civil birthday.", "projectReconstruction": "September 11, 3 BCE remains the adopted astronomical-theological coordinate derived from a particular reading of Revelation 12, the Virgo configuration, Tishri 1, and a 1 BCE death of Herod.", "dependencies": [ "Herod dies in 1 BCE", "Revelation 12 encodes a literal celestial configuration connected to the birth", "Virgo represents the woman and the lunar placement identifies the date", "The astronomical symbolism was intended as recoverable chronology" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Yeshua’s historical birth before Herod remains", "The ministry and crucifixion chronology can be reconstructed independently", "A broad 6–2 BCE birth range remains" ], "weakeningEvidence": "If Revelation 12 is not calendrical or Herod died in 4 BCE, the exact date fails while the broader nativity chronology survives.", "alternatives": [ "c. 6–4 BCE under the conventional Herodian chronology", "c. 3–2 BCE under the minority late-Herod chronology", "Exact date unrecoverable" ], "nonControlling": true, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-birth-jesus" }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Approximately September 18, 3 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jesus-circumcision" }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Approximately October 3 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jesus-presentation" }, { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 2 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-magi" }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 2–1 BCE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-flight-egypt" }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE project model · 4 BCE conventional", "year": -1, "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Adopted model coordinate", "roleDescription": "The placement is generated by the project’s selected chronology and should not be mistaken for an independently recovered date.", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE remains the majority scholarly chronology", "historicalBoundary": "Herod’s death and succession are historical; the exact year depends on the interpretation of Josephus, regnal calculation, and eclipse evidence.", "projectReconstruction": "The adopted model retains 1 BCE to support its infancy sequence, while the conventional and historical-minimum views display 4 BCE prominently.", "dependencies": [ "Minority Josephus chronology", "Eclipse-to-Passover reconstruction", "The project nativity model" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Herod’s historical death and succession remain", "A 4 BCE death yields a broader 6–4 BCE nativity range", "Crucifixion chronology is unaffected" ], "weakeningEvidence": "A decisive 4 BCE reconstruction would require moving the birth coordinate and infancy events.", "alternatives": [ "4 BCE majority chronology", "1 BCE minority chronology" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-herod-death" }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 1 BCE or shortly afterward as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-return-nazareth" }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Quirinius, the Census, and the Annexation of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 6 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-quirinius-census" }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 10 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jesus-age-twelve" }, { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 14–36 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-context", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-tiberius-pilate" }, { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 27–29 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-supported", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-john-baptist" }, { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 28 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jesus-baptism" }, { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 29–30 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-supported", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-john-baptist-death" }, { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30 CE (project model; 33 CE alternative)", "year": 29, "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "roleLabel": "Two-option historical window", "roleDescription": "Two principal dates remain viable under the stated calendar or regnal constraints.", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE and ends in either 30 or 33 CE depending on the Johannine festival sequence", "historicalBoundary": "John’s ministry, Tiberius, Pilate, Antipas, and Caiaphas provide a secure framework in the early first century CE.", "projectReconstruction": "The project prefers a compressed ministry ending in 30 CE but recognizes that a straightforward three-Passover sequence favors 33 CE.", "dependencies": [ "Counting Tiberius’s fifteenth year", "Interpretation of John 6:4 and the festival sequence", "Selected birth chronology only as a secondary age consideration" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Yeshua’s public ministry under Pilate remains", "Both 30 and 33 CE crucifixion candidates remain historically viable" ], "weakeningEvidence": "If John’s Passovers are sequential annual markers, the compressed 30 CE model becomes less natural.", "alternatives": [ "Compressed c. 28/29–30 CE ministry", "Longer c. 28/29–33 CE ministry" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ministry" }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Spring 30 CE preferred as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "two-major-options", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-triumphal-entry" }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "April 7, 30 CE preferred · April 3, 33 CE co-primary", "year": 30, "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "roleLabel": "Two-option historical window", "roleDescription": "Two principal dates remain viable under the stated calendar or regnal constraints.", "historicalRange": "Friday Passover candidates: April 7, 30 CE or April 3, 33 CE", "historicalBoundary": "Yeshua was crucified under Pontius Pilate and the tomb was discovered empty on the first day of the week in the Gospel tradition.", "projectReconstruction": "The project prefers April 7, 30 CE because of its compressed ministry and adopted birth model, but treats April 3, 33 CE as a co-primary historical candidate.", "dependencies": [ "Johannine Passover-day reconstruction", "Ancient lunar-calendar visibility and intercalation", "Ministry-duration model" ], "survivesIfRejected": [ "Friday crucifixion, Saturday Sabbath, and Sunday discovery remain", "The historical crucifixion under Pilate remains", "Rejecting 30 CE leaves 33 CE fully viable" ], "weakeningEvidence": "Calendar uncertainty prevents either Julian date from becoming mathematically inevitable.", "alternatives": [ "April 7, 30 CE", "April 3, 33 CE" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": true, "confidence": "two-major-options", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-crucifixion" }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains Spring 30 CE preferred as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "model-dependent", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-ascension-pentecost" }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 30–33 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jerusalem-church-growth" }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 32–34 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-stephen-martyrdom" }, { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 33–35 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-supported", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-conversion" }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 36–38 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-first-jerusalem" }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 38–41 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-cornelius-gentile-mission" }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 40–43 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-antioch-church" }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 44 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-james-zebedee-peter-prison" }, { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 44 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-core", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-agrippa-i-death" }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 46–48 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-first-journey" }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 48/49 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-supported", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jerusalem-council" }, { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 49–52 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-second-journey" }, { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 51–52 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-core", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-gallio-corinth" }, { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 53–57 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-third-journey" }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 57 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-arrest-jerusalem" }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 57–59 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-caesarea-imprisonment" }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 59–60 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-voyage-shipwreck" }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 60–62 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-paul-rome-imprisonment" }, { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 62 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-core", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-james-brother-death" }, { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 64–68 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-context", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-paul-life" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-neronian-persecution" }, { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains c. 64–67 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-peter-paul-deaths" }, { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 66–73/74 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-core", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-first-jewish-revolt" }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 70 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-core", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70" }, { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 73/74 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-context", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-masada-falls" }, { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "roleLabel": "Representative timeline coordinate", "roleDescription": "A single point is retained so the timeline can display a coherent sequence, but the evidence supports a wider interval.", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "historicalBoundary": "The project does not assign this literary or theological material an independently recoverable date.", "projectReconstruction": "The active timeline retains 132–135 CE as its working placement.", "dependencies": [], "survivesIfRejected": [ "The broader historical era and neighboring externally anchored events remain available for reconstruction." ], "weakeningEvidence": "The coordinate should be revised if stronger evidence requires a different range or identification.", "alternatives": [ "A broader date range or a different historical reconstruction" ], "nonControlling": false, "historicalMinimum": false, "confidence": "documented-core", "numericFunction": "", "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ], "eventUrl": "index.html#event-bar-kokhba-revolt" } ] }