{ "version": "19.0.0", "generated": "2026-07-31", "models": [ { "id": "adopted", "name": "Adopted reconstruction", "short": "Your working model", "description": "Terru = Terah; Amraphel = Hammurabi; Joseph under the Hyksos; oppression develops across multiple Egyptian reigns; the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis is the proposed trigger for the male-infant decree; Moses flees under Horemheb; the Exodus occurs under Ramesses II around 1254 BCE in the Amun-her-khepeshef firstborn synchronism; Jesus born September 11, 3 BCE; Herod dies in 1 BCE.", "position": "Project position", "positionDetail": "This is the reconstruction currently defended by the project. The multi-reign sequence is an integrated hypothesis: external evidence secures the Egyptian events and artifacts, while their identification with individual Exodus episodes remains explicitly model-dependent.", "anchors": [ { "label": "Patriarchal setting", "value": "c. 1800–1750 BCE" }, { "label": "Joseph", "value": "c. 1630–1600 BCE" }, { "label": "Oppression model", "value": "Multi-reign: Ahmose I → Ay → Horemheb → Ramesside labor" }, { "label": "Exodus", "value": "c. 1254 BCE" }, { "label": "Jesus' birth", "value": "September 11, 3 BCE" }, { "label": "Herod's death", "value": "1 BCE" }, { "label": "Crucifixion", "value": "30 CE preferred" } ], "events": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh and a Possible Terah Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1800–1750 BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE context; Terah himself is not independently datable", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Mari archive reveals the political, linguistic, legal, and pastoral world in which the project places Abraham and Terru.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1760 BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Amraphel king of Shinar with Hammurabi of Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1630–1600 BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable", "lesson": "Joseph rises from slavery and imprisonment to become the chief administrator under a Hyksos ruler.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The fall of Old Babylonian Babylon closes the world of Hammurabi and illustrates the political instability surrounding the later patriarchal period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris, conventionally in the mid-sixteenth century BCE", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] }, { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s victory at Megiddo helps explain why fifteenth-century Canaan was an Egyptian imperial zone rather than an independent political vacuum.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s eastern Delta becomes the gateway to campaigns, tribute, diplomacy, and military logistics in Asia.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Akhenaten’s religious and administrative revolution destabilizes the Egyptian court and its traditional institutions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Amarna correspondence exposes the fragmented city-state system of Canaan under Egyptian overlordship shortly before the project’s oppression chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The young pharaoh’s death creates a dangerous succession crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Late-Eighteenth-Dynasty succession crisis", "lesson": "A widowed Egyptian queen requests a Hittite prince as husband. Zannanza dies on the journey, helping turn a succession crisis into renewed Egyptian–Hittite hostility.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1319–1292 BCE · restoration context", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "The project places Moses’s adulthood, killing of the Egyptian overseer, and flight to Midian during Horemheb’s restoration regime.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The peace treaty following decades of conflict clarifies the geopolitical environment in which the project places the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ] }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1208 BCE · settlement horizon", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; securely before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Israelite settlement and ethnogenesis develop in Canaan before the Merneptah Stela names Israel around 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Palatial systems collapse across the eastern Mediterranean as Israel, Philistines, and new Iron Age polities emerge.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor-with-broad-crisis-window", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egyptian and Ugaritic records document several maritime and overland coalitions during the eastern Mediterranean crisis. “Sea Peoples” is a modern umbrella term, not the name of one unified nation or a sufficient explanation for the entire collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Philistine cities become a major political and military force in the setting of Judges and Samuel.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David unites the tribes, captures Jerusalem, and receives the promise of an enduring dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The campaign of Shoshenq I is one of the earliest major external synchronisms for the divided monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Omri purchases the hill of Samaria and establishes a durable northern capital that gives his dynasty and kingdom a new geopolitical center.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at the Battle of Qarqar", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ahab joins a Levantine coalition resisting Assyrian expansion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting of 1 Kings 16–22", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom submits tribute to the expanding Assyrian Empire.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mesha’s inscription provides a Moabite royal account of conflict with Israel and an invaluable non-biblical perspective on the Omride world.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Aramaic victory inscription refers to the king of Israel and the House of David, externally attesting a Davidic dynastic designation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II, Uzziah, and Eighth-Century Prosperity", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel and Judah experience expansion and wealth while prophets condemn exploitation, corruption, and false security.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "Tiglath-pileser III Transforms the Levant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -735, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria shifts from episodic campaigning to annexation, deportation, tribute, and provincial government.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The crisis explains the political setting of Isaiah’s Immanuel prophecy and Judah’s turn toward Assyrian protection.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III destroys the anti-Assyrian coalition, annexes Damascus, and removes northern Israelite territories and populations.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Samaria Falls to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom is conquered and significant populations are deported.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem’s water systems and inscriptions illuminate preparations for Assyrian invasion and the administrative world of Hezekiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ] }, { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria devastates Judah, captures Lachish, and threatens Jerusalem during Hezekiah’s reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Manasseh’s long reign follows the Assyrian crisis under Hezekiah and embeds Judah more deeply in the imperial order.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah is killed during Pharaoh Necho II’s northern campaign, ending Judah’s reform era and beginning rapid subordination to Egypt and Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nebuchadnezzar destroys Egyptian power in Syria and brings Judah into Babylon’s sphere.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The 597 BCE deportation creates the exilic community addressed by Ezekiel and precedes Jerusalem’s final destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Military ostraca from Lachish preserve the anxious administrative language of Judah’s final days.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem, ends the Davidic monarchy, and exiles much of Judah’s leadership.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A fugitive reaches Ezekiel’s community with confirmation that Jerusalem has fallen, marking the turn from warning to restoration in the book.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "title": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "561/560 BCE", "year": -560, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Evil-merodach releases the exiled Judean king Jehoiachin and grants him a place at the royal table.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:27–30; Jeremiah 52:31–34", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "cyrus", "title": "Cyrus Conquers Babylon and Authorizes Return", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "539–538 BCE", "year": -539, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Persian rule permits Judean exiles to return and rebuild the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 1; Isaiah 44–45", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther at the Persian Court", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483–473 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Esther’s narrative places a Judean woman and her guardian Mordecai within the royal court of Ahasuerus, commonly identified with Xerxes I.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Aramaic papyri reveal a Judean military community in Egypt with its own temple and complex religious practices.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-elephantine", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea enters the Hellenistic world, where Greek language and institutions become increasingly influential.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish scriptures are translated into Greek, creating the textual world later quoted extensively by New Testament authors.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ] }, { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea passes through competing Hellenistic imperial systems that reshape taxation, cities, language, and elite politics.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish resistance defeats Seleucid efforts to suppress traditional worship and rededicates the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The revolt develops into an independent Jewish state combining priestly and royal authority.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The scrolls preserve biblical manuscripts, legal texts, apocalyptic writings, prayers, commentaries, and sectarian rules from the world before and during Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ] }, { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman intervention ends effective Hasmonean independence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–1 BCE in this model", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Rule begins 37 BCE; death disputed between 4 BCE conventional and 1 BCE project model", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod’s monumental temple project creates the physical and political center of the Gospel narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Augustus’s settlement of Roman power creates the imperial political framework of Jesus’s birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "September 11, 3 BCE · project astronomical hypothesis", "year": -3, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE project model · 4 BCE conventional", "year": -1, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE remains the majority scholarly chronology", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Quirinius, the Census, and the Annexation of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The securely dated census of 6 CE is a central historical problem for interpreting Luke’s birth chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The ministries of John and Jesus occur under Tiberius and the prefecture of Pontius Pilate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "John announces judgment, calls Israel to repentance, baptizes in the Jordan, and inaugurates the public setting of Jesus’s ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is baptized by John and begins the transition into his public ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Antipas executes John, whose movement and death are independently remembered by Josephus and the Synoptic Gospels.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30 CE (project model; 33 CE alternative)", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE and ends in either 30 or 33 CE depending on the Johannine festival sequence", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "April 7, 30 CE preferred · April 3, 33 CE co-primary", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday Passover candidates: April 7, 30 CE or April 3, 33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul changes from persecutor to missionary after an experience he interprets as an appearance and call of the risen Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Agrippa I dies suddenly after public acclamation, ending the brief reunification of much of Herod the Great’s kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Leaders in Jerusalem and Antioch negotiate the status of Gentile converts and the obligations expected of them.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul travels through Anatolia into Macedonia and Achaia, founding or strengthening communities at Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ] }, { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia, during his Corinthian mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul makes Ephesus a long-term base, revisits Macedonia and Achaia, organizes the collection for Jerusalem, and begins his final return.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The high priest Ananus convenes a council and has James, the brother of Jesus called Christ, executed.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After the fire of Rome, Nero punishes Christians in the capital, creating the earliest clear Roman literary notice of an imperial persecution focused on the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Rebellion against Rome expands from Jerusalem and Judea into a major war that ends the Second Temple order and reshapes Jewish and Christian history.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Titus’s army captures Jerusalem, burns the Temple, and dismantles the political and cultic center of Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman forces besiege and capture Masada, conventionally marking the final major military episode of the First Revolt.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A second major revolt establishes a short-lived Jewish administration under Simon bar Kosiba before overwhelming Roman suppression.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } ] }, { "id": "historical-minimum", "name": "Historical minimum", "short": "Externally constrained baseline", "description": "Shows the minimum chronology recoverable from external anchors, broadly supported historical cores, and carefully labeled date ranges. Model-specific identifications are omitted or converted into contextual records.", "position": "Evidence floor", "positionDetail": "This view deliberately withholds model-dependent identifications and exact coordinates. It is a baseline, not a replacement for the adopted reconstruction.", "anchors": [ { "label": "Patriarchal individuals", "value": "Not independently datable" }, { "label": "Eastern Delta context", "value": "Avaris conquest, Eighteenth-Dynasty crises, and Pi-Ramesses documented" }, { "label": "Israel in Canaan", "value": "By c. 1208 BCE" }, { "label": "Davidic polity", "value": "10th century BCE; scale disputed" }, { "label": "Yeshua's birth", "value": "Broadly before Herod’s death; exact year disputed" }, { "label": "Crucifixion", "value": "30 or 33 CE" } ], "events": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Terru is historically attested at Urkesh; no minimum historical model identifies him with Terah.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Mari archive reveals the political, linguistic, legal, and pastoral world in which the project places Abraham and Terru.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "The Old Babylonian Political World", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Hammurabi and Old Babylonian coalition politics are documented; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "West Semitic Populations in the Eastern Delta", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "lesson": "Avaris and substantial West Semitic populations are documented; Joseph is not independently identified with a Hyksos court.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The fall of Old Babylonian Babylon closes the world of Hammurabi and illustrates the political instability surrounding the later patriarchal period.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris, conventionally in the mid-sixteenth century BCE", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] }, { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s victory at Megiddo helps explain why fifteenth-century Canaan was an Egyptian imperial zone rather than an independent political vacuum.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s eastern Delta becomes the gateway to campaigns, tribute, diplomacy, and military logistics in Asia.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Akhenaten’s religious and administrative revolution destabilizes the Egyptian court and its traditional institutions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Amarna correspondence exposes the fragmented city-state system of Canaan under Egyptian overlordship shortly before the project’s oppression chronology.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The young pharaoh’s death creates a dangerous succession crisis.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Late-Eighteenth-Dynasty succession crisis", "lesson": "A widowed Egyptian queen requests a Hittite prince as husband. Zannanza dies on the journey, helping turn a succession crisis into renewed Egyptian–Hittite hostility.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Post-Amarna Restoration under Horemheb", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1320–1292 BCE", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "Horemheb’s restoration provides political context but is not identified as the cause of the oppression narrated in Exodus.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The peace treaty following decades of conflict clarifies the geopolitical environment in which the project places the Exodus.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ] }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Present in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "By c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "By c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "The Merneptah Stela independently establishes a people called Israel in Canaan by about 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Palatial systems collapse across the eastern Mediterranean as Israel, Philistines, and new Iron Age polities emerge.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor-with-broad-crisis-window", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egyptian and Ugaritic records document several maritime and overland coalitions during the eastern Mediterranean crisis. “Sea Peoples” is a modern umbrella term, not the name of one unified nation or a sufficient explanation for the entire collapse.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Philistine cities become a major political and military force in the setting of Judges and Samuel.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David unites the tribes, captures Jerusalem, and receives the promise of an enduring dynasty.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The campaign of Shoshenq I is one of the earliest major external synchronisms for the divided monarchy.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Omri purchases the hill of Samaria and establishes a durable northern capital that gives his dynasty and kingdom a new geopolitical center.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at the Battle of Qarqar", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ahab joins a Levantine coalition resisting Assyrian expansion.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting of 1 Kings 16–22", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom submits tribute to the expanding Assyrian Empire.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mesha’s inscription provides a Moabite royal account of conflict with Israel and an invaluable non-biblical perspective on the Omride world.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Aramaic victory inscription refers to the king of Israel and the House of David, externally attesting a Davidic dynastic designation.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II, Uzziah, and Eighth-Century Prosperity", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel and Judah experience expansion and wealth while prophets condemn exploitation, corruption, and false security.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "Tiglath-pileser III Transforms the Levant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -735, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria shifts from episodic campaigning to annexation, deportation, tribute, and provincial government.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The crisis explains the political setting of Isaiah’s Immanuel prophecy and Judah’s turn toward Assyrian protection.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III destroys the anti-Assyrian coalition, annexes Damascus, and removes northern Israelite territories and populations.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Samaria Falls to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom is conquered and significant populations are deported.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem’s water systems and inscriptions illuminate preparations for Assyrian invasion and the administrative world of Hezekiah.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ] }, { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria devastates Judah, captures Lachish, and threatens Jerusalem during Hezekiah’s reign.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Manasseh’s long reign follows the Assyrian crisis under Hezekiah and embeds Judah more deeply in the imperial order.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah is killed during Pharaoh Necho II’s northern campaign, ending Judah’s reform era and beginning rapid subordination to Egypt and Babylon.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nebuchadnezzar destroys Egyptian power in Syria and brings Judah into Babylon’s sphere.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The 597 BCE deportation creates the exilic community addressed by Ezekiel and precedes Jerusalem’s final destruction.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Military ostraca from Lachish preserve the anxious administrative language of Judah’s final days.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem, ends the Davidic monarchy, and exiles much of Judah’s leadership.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A fugitive reaches Ezekiel’s community with confirmation that Jerusalem has fallen, marking the turn from warning to restoration in the book.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "title": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "561/560 BCE", "year": -560, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Evil-merodach releases the exiled Judean king Jehoiachin and grants him a place at the royal table.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:27–30; Jeremiah 52:31–34", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "cyrus", "title": "Cyrus Conquers Babylon and Authorizes Return", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "539–538 BCE", "year": -539, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Persian rule permits Judean exiles to return and rebuild the Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 1; Isaiah 44–45", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther at the Persian Court", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483–473 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Esther’s narrative places a Judean woman and her guardian Mordecai within the royal court of Ahasuerus, commonly identified with Xerxes I.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Aramaic papyri reveal a Judean military community in Egypt with its own temple and complex religious practices.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-elephantine", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea enters the Hellenistic world, where Greek language and institutions become increasingly influential.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish scriptures are translated into Greek, creating the textual world later quoted extensively by New Testament authors.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ] }, { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea passes through competing Hellenistic imperial systems that reshape taxation, cities, language, and elite politics.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish resistance defeats Seleucid efforts to suppress traditional worship and rededicates the Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The revolt develops into an independent Jewish state combining priestly and royal authority.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The scrolls preserve biblical manuscripts, legal texts, apocalyptic writings, prayers, commentaries, and sectarian rules from the world before and during Jesus.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ] }, { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman intervention ends effective Hasmonean independence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE; death disputed", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod’s monumental temple project creates the physical and political center of the Gospel narratives.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Augustus’s settlement of Roman power creates the imperial political framework of Jesus’s birth.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Yeshua", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "broadly c. 6–2 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 6–2 BCE", "lesson": "Yeshua was born before Herod’s death, but the exact civil year and day cannot be established from surviving evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE conventional", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Quirinius, the Census, and the Annexation of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The securely dated census of 6 CE is a central historical problem for interpreting Luke’s birth chronology.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The ministries of John and Jesus occur under Tiberius and the prefecture of Pontius Pilate.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "John announces judgment, calls Israel to repentance, baptizes in the Jordan, and inaugurates the public setting of Jesus’s ministry.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is baptized by John and begins the transition into his public ministry.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Antipas executes John, whose movement and death are independently remembered by Josephus and the Synoptic Gospels.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "30 or 33 CE", "lesson": "Yeshua was crucified under Pontius Pilate; April 7, 30 CE and April 3, 33 CE remain the principal calendar candidates.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul changes from persecutor to missionary after an experience he interprets as an appearance and call of the risen Jesus.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Agrippa I dies suddenly after public acclamation, ending the brief reunification of much of Herod the Great’s kingdom.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Leaders in Jerusalem and Antioch negotiate the status of Gentile converts and the obligations expected of them.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul travels through Anatolia into Macedonia and Achaia, founding or strengthening communities at Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ] }, { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia, during his Corinthian mission.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul makes Ephesus a long-term base, revisits Macedonia and Achaia, organizes the collection for Jerusalem, and begins his final return.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The high priest Ananus convenes a council and has James, the brother of Jesus called Christ, executed.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After the fire of Rome, Nero punishes Christians in the capital, creating the earliest clear Roman literary notice of an imperial persecution focused on the movement.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Rebellion against Rome expands from Jerusalem and Judea into a major war that ends the Second Temple order and reshapes Jewish and Christian history.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Titus’s army captures Jerusalem, burns the Temple, and dismantles the political and cultic center of Judea.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman forces besiege and capture Masada, conventionally marking the final major military episode of the First Revolt.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A second major revolt establishes a short-lived Jewish administration under Simon bar Kosiba before overwhelming Roman suppression.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } ] }, { "id": "conventional", "name": "Conventional scholarly chronology", "short": "Consensus comparison", "description": "Does not identify Terru or Amraphel with biblical figures, leaves Joseph and the Exodus pharaoh unidentified, normally dates Herod's death to 4 BCE, and places Jesus' birth around 6–4 BCE.", "position": "Reference comparison", "positionDetail": "Included to show where the project agrees with or departs from prevailing academic chronology.", "anchors": [ { "label": "Patriarchal setting", "value": "Not securely datable" }, { "label": "Joseph", "value": "No consensus Egyptian dynasty" }, { "label": "Exodus", "value": "Date disputed" }, { "label": "Jesus' birth", "value": "c. 6–4 BCE" }, { "label": "Herod's death", "value": "4 BCE" }, { "label": "Crucifixion", "value": "30 or 33 CE" } ], "events": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE context; Terah himself is not independently datable", "lesson": "Terru is a historically attested ruler or high official at Urkesh; the conventional model does not identify him with Terah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1770, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "The Abraham traditions are located in the ancient Near Eastern world, but conventional scholarship does not assign Abraham a secure absolute date.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Mari archive reveals the political, linguistic, legal, and pastoral world in which the project places Abraham and Terru.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Amraphel, King of Shinar", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified", "lesson": "Amraphel remains unidentified; the older equation with Hammurabi is generally rejected.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1690, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date and dynasty uncertain", "year": -1615, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable", "lesson": "The Joseph narrative contains Egyptian features, but no consensus identifies his pharaoh or dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The fall of Old Babylonian Babylon closes the world of Hammurabi and illustrates the political instability surrounding the later patriarchal period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris, conventionally in the mid-sixteenth century BCE", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] }, { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s victory at Megiddo helps explain why fifteenth-century Canaan was an Egyptian imperial zone rather than an independent political vacuum.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s eastern Delta becomes the gateway to campaigns, tribute, diplomacy, and military logistics in Asia.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Akhenaten’s religious and administrative revolution destabilizes the Egyptian court and its traditional institutions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Amarna correspondence exposes the fragmented city-state system of Canaan under Egyptian overlordship shortly before the project’s oppression chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date uncertain", "year": -1321, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The young pharaoh’s death creates a dangerous succession crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Late-Eighteenth-Dynasty succession crisis", "lesson": "A widowed Egyptian queen requests a Hittite prince as husband. Zannanza dies on the journey, helping turn a succession crisis into renewed Egyptian–Hittite hostility.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "The Oppression of Israel", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "No specific pharaoh identified", "year": -1305, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "Exodus does not name the pharaoh or connect the oppression to the Zannanza crisis or Hittite war.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1300, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The peace treaty following decades of conflict clarifies the geopolitical environment in which the project places the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ] }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1255, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "The Exodus is central to Israel's biblical identity, but its date, scale, route, and Egyptian setting remain disputed.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1234, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1214, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1213, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late 13th–12th centuries BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; securely before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "A distinct Israelite population emerges in Canaan by the end of the Late Bronze Age and beginning of the Iron Age.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1200, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Palatial systems collapse across the eastern Mediterranean as Israel, Philistines, and new Iron Age polities emerge.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor-with-broad-crisis-window", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egyptian and Ugaritic records document several maritime and overland coalitions during the eastern Mediterranean crisis. “Sea Peoples” is a modern umbrella term, not the name of one unified nation or a sufficient explanation for the entire collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Philistine cities become a major political and military force in the setting of Judges and Samuel.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact duration and sequence uncertain", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1192, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1188, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1178, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1158, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1148, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1138, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1118, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1092, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1085, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1076, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1070, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · c. eleventh century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David unites the tribes, captures Jerusalem, and receives the promise of an enduring dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The campaign of Shoshenq I is one of the earliest major external synchronisms for the divided monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Omri purchases the hill of Samaria and establishes a durable northern capital that gives his dynasty and kingdom a new geopolitical center.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at the Battle of Qarqar", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ahab joins a Levantine coalition resisting Assyrian expansion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting of 1 Kings 16–22", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom submits tribute to the expanding Assyrian Empire.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mesha’s inscription provides a Moabite royal account of conflict with Israel and an invaluable non-biblical perspective on the Omride world.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Aramaic victory inscription refers to the king of Israel and the House of David, externally attesting a Davidic dynastic designation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II, Uzziah, and Eighth-Century Prosperity", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel and Judah experience expansion and wealth while prophets condemn exploitation, corruption, and false security.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "Tiglath-pileser III Transforms the Levant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -735, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria shifts from episodic campaigning to annexation, deportation, tribute, and provincial government.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The crisis explains the political setting of Isaiah’s Immanuel prophecy and Judah’s turn toward Assyrian protection.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III destroys the anti-Assyrian coalition, annexes Damascus, and removes northern Israelite territories and populations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Samaria Falls to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom is conquered and significant populations are deported.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem’s water systems and inscriptions illuminate preparations for Assyrian invasion and the administrative world of Hezekiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ] }, { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria devastates Judah, captures Lachish, and threatens Jerusalem during Hezekiah’s reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Manasseh’s long reign follows the Assyrian crisis under Hezekiah and embeds Judah more deeply in the imperial order.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah is killed during Pharaoh Necho II’s northern campaign, ending Judah’s reform era and beginning rapid subordination to Egypt and Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nebuchadnezzar destroys Egyptian power in Syria and brings Judah into Babylon’s sphere.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The 597 BCE deportation creates the exilic community addressed by Ezekiel and precedes Jerusalem’s final destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Military ostraca from Lachish preserve the anxious administrative language of Judah’s final days.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem, ends the Davidic monarchy, and exiles much of Judah’s leadership.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A fugitive reaches Ezekiel’s community with confirmation that Jerusalem has fallen, marking the turn from warning to restoration in the book.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "title": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "561/560 BCE", "year": -560, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Evil-merodach releases the exiled Judean king Jehoiachin and grants him a place at the royal table.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:27–30; Jeremiah 52:31–34", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "cyrus", "title": "Cyrus Conquers Babylon and Authorizes Return", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "539–538 BCE", "year": -539, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Persian rule permits Judean exiles to return and rebuild the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 1; Isaiah 44–45", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther at the Persian Court", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483–473 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Esther’s narrative places a Judean woman and her guardian Mordecai within the royal court of Ahasuerus, commonly identified with Xerxes I.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Aramaic papyri reveal a Judean military community in Egypt with its own temple and complex religious practices.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-elephantine", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea enters the Hellenistic world, where Greek language and institutions become increasingly influential.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish scriptures are translated into Greek, creating the textual world later quoted extensively by New Testament authors.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ] }, { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea passes through competing Hellenistic imperial systems that reshape taxation, cities, language, and elite politics.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish resistance defeats Seleucid efforts to suppress traditional worship and rededicates the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The revolt develops into an independent Jewish state combining priestly and royal authority.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The scrolls preserve biblical manuscripts, legal texts, apocalyptic writings, prayers, commentaries, and sectarian rules from the world before and during Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ] }, { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman intervention ends effective Hasmonean independence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Rule begins 37 BCE; death disputed between 4 BCE conventional and 1 BCE project model", "lesson": "Herod rules Judea as Rome's client king and dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing scholarly chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod’s monumental temple project creates the physical and political center of the Gospel narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Augustus’s settlement of Roman power creates the imperial political framework of Jesus’s birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "Jesus was likely born before Herod's conventional death date of 4 BCE; the exact day and year are unknown.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "within a week of a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "about forty days after a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Before 4 BCE in Matthew's chronology", "year": -2, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "before Herod’s conventional 4 BCE death", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE remains the majority scholarly chronology", "lesson": "Herod dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing reconstruction of Josephus and the eclipse evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 4 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -4, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Quirinius, the Census, and the Annexation of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The securely dated census of 6 CE is a central historical problem for interpreting Luke’s birth chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 8–9 CE", "year": 9, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The ministries of John and Jesus occur under Tiberius and the prefecture of Pontius Pilate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "John announces judgment, calls Israel to repentance, baptizes in the Jordan, and inaugurates the public setting of Jesus’s ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is baptized by John and begins the transition into his public ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Antipas executes John, whose movement and death are independently remembered by Josephus and the Synoptic Gospels.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 27–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE and ends in either 30 or 33 CE depending on the Johannine festival sequence", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday Passover candidates: April 7, 30 CE or April 3, 33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate; 30 and 33 CE remain the principal proposed years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "30 CE or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul changes from persecutor to missionary after an experience he interprets as an appearance and call of the risen Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Agrippa I dies suddenly after public acclamation, ending the brief reunification of much of Herod the Great’s kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Leaders in Jerusalem and Antioch negotiate the status of Gentile converts and the obligations expected of them.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul travels through Anatolia into Macedonia and Achaia, founding or strengthening communities at Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ] }, { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia, during his Corinthian mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul makes Ephesus a long-term base, revisits Macedonia and Achaia, organizes the collection for Jerusalem, and begins his final return.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The high priest Ananus convenes a council and has James, the brother of Jesus called Christ, executed.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After the fire of Rome, Nero punishes Christians in the capital, creating the earliest clear Roman literary notice of an imperial persecution focused on the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Rebellion against Rome expands from Jerusalem and Judea into a major war that ends the Second Temple order and reshapes Jewish and Christian history.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Titus’s army captures Jerusalem, burns the Temple, and dismantles the political and cultic center of Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman forces besiege and capture Masada, conventionally marking the final major military episode of the First Revolt.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A second major revolt establishes a short-lived Jewish administration under Simon bar Kosiba before overwhelming Roman suppression.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } ] }, { "id": "early-exodus", "name": "Early Exodus comparison model", "short": "c. 1446 BCE — not adopted", "description": "A comparison model that reads the 480 years of 1 Kings 6:1 as substantially chronological and places the Exodus around 1446 BCE. This project does not accept the model; V3 preserves it so its claims can later be evaluated and refuted point by point.", "position": "Rejected comparison model", "positionDetail": "Retained for transparent comparison only. The project does not accept the early Exodus date. A dedicated dossier cataloguing its major textual, historical, chronological, and archaeological errors is planned.", "anchors": [ { "label": "Patriarchal setting", "value": "Earlier 2nd millennium BCE" }, { "label": "Joseph", "value": "c. 19th–18th century BCE" }, { "label": "Exodus", "value": "c. 1446 BCE" }, { "label": "Entry into Canaan", "value": "c. 1406 BCE" }, { "label": "Jesus' birth", "value": "c. 6–4 BCE or separate theory" }, { "label": "Crucifixion", "value": "30 or 33 CE" } ], "events": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh and a Possible Terah Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Earlier 2nd millennium BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE context; Terah himself is not independently datable", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 21st–20th century BCE", "year": -2050, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Mari archive reveals the political, linguistic, legal, and pastoral world in which the project places Abraham and Terru.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 Coalition", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Identification not required", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified", "lesson": "The early-Exodus chronology does not require Amraphel to be Hammurabi.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 20th–19th century BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in an Earlier Egyptian Setting", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 19th–18th century BCE", "year": -1800, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable", "lesson": "Joseph is placed before the Hyksos period, often within a Middle Kingdom or early Second Intermediate context.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Hyksos rule occurs after Joseph in this chronology and may form part of the background between Joseph and the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The fall of Old Babylonian Babylon closes the world of Hammurabi and illustrates the political instability surrounding the later patriarchal period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris, conventionally in the mid-sixteenth century BCE", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] }, { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s victory at Megiddo helps explain why fifteenth-century Canaan was an Egyptian imperial zone rather than an independent political vacuum.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s eastern Delta becomes the gateway to campaigns, tribute, diplomacy, and military logistics in Asia.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Akhenaten’s religious and administrative revolution destabilizes the Egyptian court and its traditional institutions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Amarna correspondence exposes the fragmented city-state system of Canaan under Egyptian overlordship shortly before the project’s oppression chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1526 BCE", "year": -1526, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The young pharaoh’s death creates a dangerous succession crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Late-Eighteenth-Dynasty succession crisis", "lesson": "A widowed Egyptian queen requests a Hittite prince as husband. Zannanza dies on the journey, helping turn a succession crisis into renewed Egyptian–Hittite hostility.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Oppression before the Early Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 16th–15th century BCE", "year": -1500, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "The oppression is assigned to an earlier New Kingdom setting rather than the post-Amarna crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Seti I's campaigns occur long after the Exodus in this model and are not its immediate background.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1486 BCE in the early model", "year": -1486, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Rameses place-name is treated as a later updating of an older location name.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Kadesh remains an important Egyptian–Hittite battle but is unrelated to the enslavement or Exodus in this model.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The peace treaty following decades of conflict clarifies the geopolitical environment in which the project places the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ] }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE", "year": -1446, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "Israel leaves Egypt approximately 480 years before Solomon's fourth year, following a chronological reading of 1 Kings 6:1.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446–1406 BCE", "year": -1426, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE in the early model", "year": -1406, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406–1400 BCE in the early model", "year": -1403, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1406, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; securely before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Joshua's entry into Canaan is placed near 1406 BCE, with later settlement and consolidation continuing for generations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The stela remains the earliest surviving external reference to Israel, centuries after the proposed entry into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "early 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1390, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Palatial systems collapse across the eastern Mediterranean as Israel, Philistines, and new Iron Age polities emerge.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor-with-broad-crisis-window", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egyptian and Ugaritic records document several maritime and overland coalitions during the eastern Mediterranean crisis. “Sea Peoples” is a modern umbrella term, not the name of one unified nation or a sufficient explanation for the entire collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Philistine cities become a major political and military force in the setting of Judges and Samuel.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1400–1050 BCE in the early comparison model", "year": -1225, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1385, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1375, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1350, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th–13th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1260, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1230, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1175, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1140, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th–11th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1120, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE; 300-year statement broadly compatible", "year": -1100, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era; exact generation uncertain", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David unites the tribes, captures Jerusalem, and receives the promise of an enduring dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The campaign of Shoshenq I is one of the earliest major external synchronisms for the divided monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Omri purchases the hill of Samaria and establishes a durable northern capital that gives his dynasty and kingdom a new geopolitical center.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at the Battle of Qarqar", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ahab joins a Levantine coalition resisting Assyrian expansion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting of 1 Kings 16–22", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom submits tribute to the expanding Assyrian Empire.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mesha’s inscription provides a Moabite royal account of conflict with Israel and an invaluable non-biblical perspective on the Omride world.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Aramaic victory inscription refers to the king of Israel and the House of David, externally attesting a Davidic dynastic designation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II, Uzziah, and Eighth-Century Prosperity", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel and Judah experience expansion and wealth while prophets condemn exploitation, corruption, and false security.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "Tiglath-pileser III Transforms the Levant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -735, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria shifts from episodic campaigning to annexation, deportation, tribute, and provincial government.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The crisis explains the political setting of Isaiah’s Immanuel prophecy and Judah’s turn toward Assyrian protection.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III destroys the anti-Assyrian coalition, annexes Damascus, and removes northern Israelite territories and populations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Samaria Falls to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom is conquered and significant populations are deported.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem’s water systems and inscriptions illuminate preparations for Assyrian invasion and the administrative world of Hezekiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ] }, { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria devastates Judah, captures Lachish, and threatens Jerusalem during Hezekiah’s reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Manasseh’s long reign follows the Assyrian crisis under Hezekiah and embeds Judah more deeply in the imperial order.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah is killed during Pharaoh Necho II’s northern campaign, ending Judah’s reform era and beginning rapid subordination to Egypt and Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria" ] }, { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nebuchadnezzar destroys Egyptian power in Syria and brings Judah into Babylon’s sphere.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The 597 BCE deportation creates the exilic community addressed by Ezekiel and precedes Jerusalem’s final destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Military ostraca from Lachish preserve the anxious administrative language of Judah’s final days.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem, ends the Davidic monarchy, and exiles much of Judah’s leadership.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A fugitive reaches Ezekiel’s community with confirmation that Jerusalem has fallen, marking the turn from warning to restoration in the book.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "title": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "561/560 BCE", "year": -560, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Evil-merodach releases the exiled Judean king Jehoiachin and grants him a place at the royal table.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:27–30; Jeremiah 52:31–34", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "cyrus", "title": "Cyrus Conquers Babylon and Authorizes Return", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "539–538 BCE", "year": -539, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Persian rule permits Judean exiles to return and rebuild the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 1; Isaiah 44–45", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther at the Persian Court", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483–473 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Esther’s narrative places a Judean woman and her guardian Mordecai within the royal court of Ahasuerus, commonly identified with Xerxes I.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Aramaic papyri reveal a Judean military community in Egypt with its own temple and complex religious practices.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-elephantine", "asor-elephantine" ] }, { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea enters the Hellenistic world, where Greek language and institutions become increasingly influential.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish scriptures are translated into Greek, creating the textual world later quoted extensively by New Testament authors.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ] }, { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea passes through competing Hellenistic imperial systems that reshape taxation, cities, language, and elite politics.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish resistance defeats Seleucid efforts to suppress traditional worship and rededicates the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The revolt develops into an independent Jewish state combining priestly and royal authority.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ] }, { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The scrolls preserve biblical manuscripts, legal texts, apocalyptic writings, prayers, commentaries, and sectarian rules from the world before and during Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ] }, { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman intervention ends effective Hasmonean independence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Rule begins 37 BCE; death disputed between 4 BCE conventional and 1 BCE project model", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod’s monumental temple project creates the physical and political center of the Gospel narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ] }, { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Augustus’s settlement of Roman power creates the imperial political framework of Jesus’s birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE unless the 1 BCE Herod chronology is separately adopted", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE unless the minority chronology is separately adopted", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE remains the majority scholarly chronology", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Quirinius, the Census, and the Annexation of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The securely dated census of 6 CE is a central historical problem for interpreting Luke’s birth chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The ministries of John and Jesus occur under Tiberius and the prefecture of Pontius Pilate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "John announces judgment, calls Israel to repentance, baptizes in the Jordan, and inaugurates the public setting of Jesus’s ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is baptized by John and begins the transition into his public ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ] }, { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Antipas executes John, whose movement and death are independently remembered by Josephus and the Synoptic Gospels.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30 CE (project model; 33 CE alternative)", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE and ends in either 30 or 33 CE depending on the Johannine festival sequence", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday Passover candidates: April 7, 30 CE or April 3, 33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul changes from persecutor to missionary after an experience he interprets as an appearance and call of the risen Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Agrippa I dies suddenly after public acclamation, ending the brief reunification of much of Herod the Great’s kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Leaders in Jerusalem and Antioch negotiate the status of Gentile converts and the obligations expected of them.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul travels through Anatolia into Macedonia and Achaia, founding or strengthening communities at Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ] }, { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia, during his Corinthian mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul makes Ephesus a long-term base, revisits Macedonia and Achaia, organizes the collection for Jerusalem, and begins his final return.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The high priest Ananus convenes a council and has James, the brother of Jesus called Christ, executed.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After the fire of Rome, Nero punishes Christians in the capital, creating the earliest clear Roman literary notice of an imperial persecution focused on the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Rebellion against Rome expands from Jerusalem and Judea into a major war that ends the Second Temple order and reshapes Jewish and Christian history.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Titus’s army captures Jerusalem, burns the Temple, and dismantles the political and cultic center of Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman forces besiege and capture Masada, conventionally marking the final major military episode of the First Revolt.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A second major revolt establishes a short-lived Jewish administration under Simon bar Kosiba before overwhelming Roman suppression.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } ] } ], "comparisons": [ { "id": "adopted--historical-minimum", "leftId": "adopted", "rightId": "historical-minimum", "differenceCount": 149, "visibilityChanges": 146, "dateChanges": 10, "interpretiveChanges": 7, "differences": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "eventTitle": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] }, "right": { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] } }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "eventTitle": "Terru of Urkesh and Terah", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh and a Possible Terah Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1800–1750 BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE context; Terah himself is not independently datable", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Terru is historically attested at Urkesh; no minimum historical model identifies him with Terah.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "eventTitle": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "eventTitle": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Mari archive reveals the political, linguistic, legal, and pastoral world in which the project places Abraham and Terru.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Mari archive reveals the political, linguistic, legal, and pastoral world in which the project places Abraham and Terru.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "eventTitle": "Genesis 14 and Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1760 BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Amraphel king of Shinar with Hammurabi of Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "The Old Babylonian Political World", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Hammurabi and Old Babylonian coalition politics are documented; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] } }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "eventTitle": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "eventTitle": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1630–1600 BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable", "lesson": "Joseph rises from slavery and imprisonment to become the chief administrator under a Hyksos ruler.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "West Semitic Populations in the Eastern Delta", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "lesson": "Avaris and substantial West Semitic populations are documented; Joseph is not independently identified with a Hyksos court.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "eventTitle": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "eventTitle": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "eventTitle": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The fall of Old Babylonian Babylon closes the world of Hammurabi and illustrates the political instability surrounding the later patriarchal period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The fall of Old Babylonian Babylon closes the world of Hammurabi and illustrates the political instability surrounding the later patriarchal period.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "eventTitle": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris, conventionally in the mid-sixteenth century BCE", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris, conventionally in the mid-sixteenth century BCE", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] } }, { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "eventTitle": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s victory at Megiddo helps explain why fifteenth-century Canaan was an Egyptian imperial zone rather than an independent political vacuum.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s victory at Megiddo helps explain why fifteenth-century Canaan was an Egyptian imperial zone rather than an independent political vacuum.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "eventTitle": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s eastern Delta becomes the gateway to campaigns, tribute, diplomacy, and military logistics in Asia.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s eastern Delta becomes the gateway to campaigns, tribute, diplomacy, and military logistics in Asia.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "eventTitle": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Akhenaten’s religious and administrative revolution destabilizes the Egyptian court and its traditional institutions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Akhenaten’s religious and administrative revolution destabilizes the Egyptian court and its traditional institutions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "eventTitle": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Amarna correspondence exposes the fragmented city-state system of Canaan under Egyptian overlordship shortly before the project’s oppression chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Amarna correspondence exposes the fragmented city-state system of Canaan under Egyptian overlordship shortly before the project’s oppression chronology.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "eventTitle": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "eventTitle": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The young pharaoh’s death creates a dangerous succession crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The young pharaoh’s death creates a dangerous succession crisis.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "eventTitle": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Late-Eighteenth-Dynasty succession crisis", "lesson": "A widowed Egyptian queen requests a Hittite prince as husband. Zannanza dies on the journey, helping turn a succession crisis into renewed Egyptian–Hittite hostility.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Late-Eighteenth-Dynasty succession crisis", "lesson": "A widowed Egyptian queen requests a Hittite prince as husband. Zannanza dies on the journey, helping turn a succession crisis into renewed Egyptian–Hittite hostility.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "eventTitle": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1319–1292 BCE · restoration context", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "The project places Moses’s adulthood, killing of the Egyptian overseer, and flight to Midian during Horemheb’s restoration regime.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Post-Amarna Restoration under Horemheb", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1320–1292 BCE", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "Horemheb’s restoration provides political context but is not identified as the cause of the oppression narrated in Exodus.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] } }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "eventTitle": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "eventTitle": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "eventTitle": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] } }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "eventTitle": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "eventTitle": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The peace treaty following decades of conflict clarifies the geopolitical environment in which the project places the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The peace treaty following decades of conflict clarifies the geopolitical environment in which the project places the Exodus.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ] } }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "eventTitle": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] } }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "eventTitle": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] } }, { "eventId": "exodus", "eventTitle": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "eventTitle": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "eventTitle": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "eventTitle": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "eventTitle": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "eventTitle": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1208 BCE · settlement horizon", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; securely before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Israelite settlement and ethnogenesis develop in Canaan before the Merneptah Stela names Israel around 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Present in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "By c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "By c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "The Merneptah Stela independently establishes a people called Israel in Canaan by about 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "eventTitle": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "eventTitle": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "eventTitle": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Palatial systems collapse across the eastern Mediterranean as Israel, Philistines, and new Iron Age polities emerge.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Palatial systems collapse across the eastern Mediterranean as Israel, Philistines, and new Iron Age polities emerge.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "eventTitle": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor-with-broad-crisis-window", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egyptian and Ugaritic records document several maritime and overland coalitions during the eastern Mediterranean crisis. “Sea Peoples” is a modern umbrella term, not the name of one unified nation or a sufficient explanation for the entire collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor-with-broad-crisis-window", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egyptian and Ugaritic records document several maritime and overland coalitions during the eastern Mediterranean crisis. “Sea Peoples” is a modern umbrella term, not the name of one unified nation or a sufficient explanation for the entire collapse.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] } }, { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "eventTitle": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Philistine cities become a major political and military force in the setting of Judges and Samuel.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Philistine cities become a major political and military force in the setting of Judges and Samuel.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges", "eventTitle": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "eventTitle": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "eventTitle": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "eventTitle": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "eventTitle": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "eventTitle": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "eventTitle": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "eventTitle": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "eventTitle": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "eventTitle": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "eventTitle": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "eventTitle": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "eventTitle": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "eventTitle": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "eventTitle": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "eventTitle": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "eventTitle": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "saul", "eventTitle": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "david", "eventTitle": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David unites the tribes, captures Jerusalem, and receives the promise of an enduring dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David unites the tribes, captures Jerusalem, and receives the promise of an enduring dynasty.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 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the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "solomon", "eventTitle": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "eventTitle": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 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the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "eventTitle": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The campaign of Shoshenq I is one of the earliest major external synchronisms for the divided monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The campaign of Shoshenq I is one of the earliest major external synchronisms for the divided monarchy.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "eventTitle": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Omri purchases the hill of Samaria and establishes a durable northern capital that gives his dynasty and kingdom a new geopolitical center.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Omri purchases the hill of Samaria and establishes a durable northern capital that gives his dynasty and kingdom a new geopolitical center.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "eventTitle": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "eventTitle": "Ahab at the Battle of Qarqar", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at the Battle of Qarqar", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ahab joins a Levantine coalition resisting Assyrian expansion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting of 1 Kings 16–22", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at the Battle of Qarqar", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ahab joins a Levantine coalition resisting Assyrian expansion.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting of 1 Kings 16–22", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "eventTitle": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "jehu", "eventTitle": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom submits tribute to the expanding Assyrian Empire.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom submits tribute to the expanding Assyrian Empire.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "eventTitle": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mesha’s inscription provides a Moabite royal account of conflict with Israel and an invaluable non-biblical perspective on the Omride world.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mesha’s inscription provides a Moabite royal account of conflict with Israel and an invaluable non-biblical perspective on the Omride world.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "eventTitle": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Aramaic victory inscription refers to the king of Israel and the House of David, externally attesting a Davidic dynastic designation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Aramaic victory inscription refers to the king of Israel and the House of David, externally attesting a Davidic dynastic designation.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "eventTitle": "Jeroboam II, Uzziah, and Eighth-Century Prosperity", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II, Uzziah, and Eighth-Century Prosperity", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel and Judah experience expansion and wealth while prophets condemn exploitation, corruption, and false security.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II, Uzziah, and Eighth-Century Prosperity", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel and Judah experience expansion and wealth while prophets condemn exploitation, corruption, and false security.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "eventTitle": "Tiglath-pileser III Transforms the Levant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "Tiglath-pileser III Transforms the Levant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -735, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria shifts from episodic campaigning to annexation, deportation, tribute, and provincial government.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "Tiglath-pileser III Transforms the Levant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -735, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria shifts from episodic campaigning to annexation, deportation, tribute, and provincial government.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "eventTitle": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The crisis explains the political setting of Isaiah’s Immanuel prophecy and Judah’s turn toward Assyrian protection.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The crisis explains the political setting of Isaiah’s Immanuel prophecy and Judah’s turn toward Assyrian protection.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "eventTitle": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III destroys the anti-Assyrian coalition, annexes Damascus, and removes northern Israelite territories and populations.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III destroys the anti-Assyrian coalition, annexes Damascus, and removes northern Israelite territories and populations.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "eventTitle": "Samaria Falls to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Samaria Falls to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom is conquered and significant populations are deported.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Samaria Falls to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom is conquered and significant populations are deported.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "eventTitle": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem’s water systems and inscriptions illuminate preparations for Assyrian invasion and the administrative world of Hezekiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem’s water systems and inscriptions illuminate preparations for Assyrian invasion and the administrative world of Hezekiah.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ] } }, { "eventId": "sennacherib", "eventTitle": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria devastates Judah, captures Lachish, and threatens Jerusalem during Hezekiah’s reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria devastates Judah, captures Lachish, and threatens Jerusalem during Hezekiah’s reign.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "eventTitle": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Manasseh’s long reign follows the Assyrian crisis under Hezekiah and embeds Judah more deeply in the imperial order.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Manasseh’s long reign follows the Assyrian crisis under Hezekiah and embeds Judah more deeply in the imperial order.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ] } }, { "eventId": "josiah", "eventTitle": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "eventTitle": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "eventTitle": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah is killed during Pharaoh Necho II’s northern campaign, ending Judah’s reform era and beginning rapid subordination to Egypt and Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah is killed during Pharaoh Necho II’s northern campaign, ending Judah’s reform era and beginning rapid subordination to Egypt and Babylon.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "carchemish", "eventTitle": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nebuchadnezzar destroys Egyptian power in Syria and brings Judah into Babylon’s sphere.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nebuchadnezzar destroys Egyptian power in Syria and brings Judah into Babylon’s sphere.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] } }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "eventTitle": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] } }, { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "eventTitle": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The 597 BCE deportation creates the exilic community addressed by Ezekiel and precedes Jerusalem’s final destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The 597 BCE deportation creates the exilic community addressed by Ezekiel and precedes Jerusalem’s final destruction.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ] } }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "eventTitle": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] } }, { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "eventTitle": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Military ostraca from Lachish preserve the anxious administrative language of Judah’s final days.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Military ostraca from Lachish preserve the anxious administrative language of Judah’s final days.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "eventTitle": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem, ends the Davidic monarchy, and exiles much of Judah’s leadership.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem, ends the Davidic monarchy, and exiles much of Judah’s leadership.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "eventTitle": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A fugitive reaches Ezekiel’s community with confirmation that Jerusalem has fallen, marking the turn from warning to restoration in the book.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A fugitive reaches Ezekiel’s community with confirmation that Jerusalem has fallen, marking the turn from warning to restoration in the book.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] } }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "eventTitle": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "eventTitle": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "title": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "561/560 BCE", "year": -560, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Evil-merodach releases the exiled Judean king Jehoiachin and grants him a place at the royal table.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:27–30; Jeremiah 52:31–34", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "title": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "561/560 BCE", "year": -560, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Evil-merodach releases the exiled Judean king Jehoiachin and grants him a place at the royal table.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:27–30; Jeremiah 52:31–34", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] } }, { "eventId": "cyrus", "eventTitle": "Cyrus Conquers Babylon and Authorizes Return", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "cyrus", "title": "Cyrus Conquers Babylon and Authorizes Return", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "539–538 BCE", "year": -539, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Persian rule permits Judean exiles to return and rebuild the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 1; Isaiah 44–45", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "cyrus", "title": "Cyrus Conquers Babylon and Authorizes Return", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "539–538 BCE", "year": -539, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Persian rule permits Judean exiles to return and rebuild the Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 1; Isaiah 44–45", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "eventTitle": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] } }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "eventTitle": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "eventTitle": "Esther at the Persian Court", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther at the Persian Court", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483–473 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Esther’s narrative places a Judean woman and her guardian Mordecai within the royal court of Ahasuerus, commonly identified with Xerxes I.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther at the Persian Court", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483–473 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Esther’s narrative places a Judean woman and her guardian Mordecai within the royal court of Ahasuerus, commonly identified with Xerxes I.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] } }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "eventTitle": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "eventTitle": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "eventTitle": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] } }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "eventTitle": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] } }, { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "eventTitle": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Aramaic papyri reveal a Judean military community in Egypt with its own temple and complex religious practices.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-elephantine", "asor-elephantine" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Aramaic papyri reveal a Judean military community in Egypt with its own temple and complex religious practices.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-elephantine", "asor-elephantine" ] } }, { "eventId": "alexander", "eventTitle": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea enters the Hellenistic world, where Greek language and institutions become increasingly influential.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea enters the Hellenistic world, where Greek language and institutions become increasingly influential.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "eventTitle": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish scriptures are translated into Greek, creating the textual world later quoted extensively by New Testament authors.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish scriptures are translated into Greek, creating the textual world later quoted extensively by New Testament authors.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ] } }, { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "eventTitle": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea passes through competing Hellenistic imperial systems that reshape taxation, cities, language, and elite politics.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea passes through competing Hellenistic imperial systems that reshape taxation, cities, language, and elite politics.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "maccabees", "eventTitle": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish resistance defeats Seleucid efforts to suppress traditional worship and rededicates the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish resistance defeats Seleucid efforts to suppress traditional worship and rededicates the Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] } }, { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "eventTitle": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The revolt develops into an independent Jewish state combining priestly and royal authority.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The revolt develops into an independent Jewish state combining priestly and royal authority.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ] } }, { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "eventTitle": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The scrolls preserve biblical manuscripts, legal texts, apocalyptic writings, prayers, commentaries, and sectarian rules from the world before and during Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The scrolls preserve biblical manuscripts, legal texts, apocalyptic writings, prayers, commentaries, and sectarian rules from the world before and during Jesus.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ] } }, { "eventId": "pompey", "eventTitle": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman intervention ends effective Hasmonean independence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman intervention ends effective Hasmonean independence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod", "eventTitle": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "historicalRange" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–1 BCE in this model", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Rule begins 37 BCE; death disputed between 4 BCE conventional and 1 BCE project model", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE; death disputed", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod-temple", "eventTitle": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod’s monumental temple project creates the physical and political center of the Gospel narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod’s monumental temple project creates the physical and political center of the Gospel narratives.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "eventTitle": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Augustus’s settlement of Roman power creates the imperial political framework of Jesus’s birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Augustus’s settlement of Roman power creates the imperial political framework of Jesus’s birth.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "eventTitle": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "September 11, 3 BCE · project astronomical hypothesis", "year": -3, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Yeshua", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "broadly c. 6–2 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 6–2 BCE", "lesson": "Yeshua was born before Herod’s death, but the exact civil year and day cannot be established from surviving evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "eventTitle": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "eventTitle": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "magi", "eventTitle": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "eventTitle": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "eventTitle": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "historicalRange" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE project model · 4 BCE conventional", "year": -1, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE remains the majority scholarly chronology", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE conventional", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "eventTitle": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "eventTitle": "Quirinius, the Census, and the Annexation of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Quirinius, the Census, and the Annexation of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The securely dated census of 6 CE is a central historical problem for interpreting Luke’s birth chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Quirinius, the Census, and the Annexation of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The securely dated census of 6 CE is a central historical problem for interpreting Luke’s birth chronology.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "eventTitle": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "eventTitle": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The ministries of John and Jesus occur under Tiberius and the prefecture of Pontius Pilate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The ministries of John and Jesus occur under Tiberius and the prefecture of Pontius Pilate.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ] } }, { "eventId": "john-baptist", "eventTitle": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "John announces judgment, calls Israel to repentance, baptizes in the Jordan, and inaugurates the public setting of Jesus’s ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "John announces judgment, calls Israel to repentance, baptizes in the Jordan, and inaugurates the public setting of Jesus’s ministry.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "eventTitle": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is baptized by John and begins the transition into his public ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is baptized by John and begins the transition into his public ministry.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ] } }, { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "eventTitle": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Antipas executes John, whose movement and death are independently remembered by Josephus and the Synoptic Gospels.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Antipas executes John, whose movement and death are independently remembered by Josephus and the Synoptic Gospels.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ministry", "eventTitle": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "historicalRange" ], "left": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30 CE (project model; 33 CE alternative)", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE and ends in either 30 or 33 CE depending on the Johannine festival sequence", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "eventTitle": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "eventTitle": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "April 7, 30 CE preferred · April 3, 33 CE co-primary", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday Passover candidates: April 7, 30 CE or April 3, 33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "30 or 33 CE", "lesson": "Yeshua was crucified under Pontius Pilate; April 7, 30 CE and April 3, 33 CE remain the principal calendar candidates.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "eventTitle": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "eventTitle": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "eventTitle": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "eventTitle": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul changes from persecutor to missionary after an experience he interprets as an appearance and call of the risen Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul changes from persecutor to missionary after an experience he interprets as an appearance and call of the risen Jesus.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "eventTitle": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "eventTitle": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "eventTitle": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "eventTitle": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Agrippa I dies suddenly after public acclamation, ending the brief reunification of much of Herod the Great’s kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Agrippa I dies suddenly after public acclamation, ending the brief reunification of much of Herod the Great’s kingdom.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "eventTitle": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Leaders in Jerusalem and Antioch negotiate the status of Gentile converts and the obligations expected of them.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Leaders in Jerusalem and Antioch negotiate the status of Gentile converts and the obligations expected of them.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "eventTitle": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul travels through Anatolia into Macedonia and Achaia, founding or strengthening communities at Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul travels through Anatolia into Macedonia and Achaia, founding or strengthening communities at Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ] } }, { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "eventTitle": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia, during his Corinthian mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia, during his Corinthian mission.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "eventTitle": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul makes Ephesus a long-term base, revisits Macedonia and Achaia, organizes the collection for Jerusalem, and begins his final return.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul makes Ephesus a long-term base, revisits Macedonia and Achaia, organizes the collection for Jerusalem, and begins his final return.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "eventTitle": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "eventTitle": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "eventTitle": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The high priest Ananus convenes a council and has James, the brother of Jesus called Christ, executed.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The high priest Ananus convenes a council and has James, the brother of Jesus called Christ, executed.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "eventTitle": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After the fire of Rome, Nero punishes Christians in the capital, creating the earliest clear Roman literary notice of an imperial persecution focused on the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After the fire of Rome, Nero punishes Christians in the capital, creating the earliest clear Roman literary notice of an imperial persecution focused on the movement.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "eventTitle": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "peter-paul-deaths", "title": "Probable Deaths of Peter and Paul", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "c. 64–67 CE", "year": 66, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "eventTitle": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Rebellion against Rome expands from Jerusalem and Judea into a major war that ends the Second Temple order and reshapes Jewish and Christian history.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Rebellion against Rome expands from Jerusalem and Judea into a major war that ends the Second Temple order and reshapes Jewish and Christian history.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "eventTitle": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Titus’s army captures Jerusalem, burns the Temple, and dismantles the political and cultic center of Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Titus’s army captures Jerusalem, burns the Temple, and dismantles the political and cultic center of Judea.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "masada-falls", "eventTitle": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman forces besiege and capture Masada, conventionally marking the final major military episode of the First Revolt.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman forces besiege and capture Masada, conventionally marking the final major military episode of the First Revolt.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "eventTitle": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "removed from right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A second major revolt establishes a short-lived Jewish administration under Simon bar Kosiba before overwhelming Roman suppression.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A second major revolt establishes a short-lived Jewish administration under Simon bar Kosiba before overwhelming Roman suppression.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } } ] }, { "id": "adopted--conventional", "leftId": "adopted", "rightId": "conventional", "differenceCount": 44, "visibilityChanges": 0, "dateChanges": 44, "interpretiveChanges": 11, "differences": [ { "eventId": "terru-terah", "eventTitle": "Terru of Urkesh and Terah", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh and a Possible Terah Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1800–1750 BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE context; Terah himself is not independently datable", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE context; Terah himself is not independently datable", "lesson": "Terru is a historically attested ruler or high official at Urkesh; the conventional model does not identify him with Terah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "eventTitle": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1770, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "The Abraham traditions are located in the ancient Near Eastern world, but conventional scholarship does not assign Abraham a secure absolute date.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "eventTitle": "Genesis 14 and Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1760 BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Amraphel king of Shinar with Hammurabi of Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Amraphel, King of Shinar", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified", "lesson": "Amraphel remains unidentified; the older equation with Hammurabi is generally rejected.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] } }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "eventTitle": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1690, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "eventTitle": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1630–1600 BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable", "lesson": "Joseph rises from slavery and imprisonment to become the chief administrator under a Hyksos ruler.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date and dynasty uncertain", "year": -1615, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable", "lesson": "The Joseph narrative contains Egyptian features, but no consensus identifies his pharaoh or dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "eventTitle": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date uncertain", "year": -1321, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "eventTitle": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1319–1292 BCE · restoration context", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "The project places Moses’s adulthood, killing of the Egyptian overseer, and flight to Midian during Horemheb’s restoration regime.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "The Oppression of Israel", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "No specific pharaoh identified", "year": -1305, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "Exodus does not name the pharaoh or connect the oppression to the Zannanza crisis or Hittite war.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "eventTitle": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1300, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "eventTitle": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1255, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] } }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "eventTitle": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] } }, { "eventId": "exodus", "eventTitle": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "The Exodus is central to Israel's biblical identity, but its date, scale, route, and Egyptian setting remain disputed.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "eventTitle": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "eventTitle": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1234, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "eventTitle": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1214, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "eventTitle": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1213, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "eventTitle": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1208 BCE · settlement horizon", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; securely before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Israelite settlement and ethnogenesis develop in Canaan before the Merneptah Stela names Israel around 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late 13th–12th centuries BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; securely before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "A distinct Israelite population emerges in Canaan by the end of the Late Bronze Age and beginning of the Iron Age.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "eventTitle": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1200, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges", "eventTitle": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact duration and sequence uncertain", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "eventTitle": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1192, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "eventTitle": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1188, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "eventTitle": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1178, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "eventTitle": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1158, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "eventTitle": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1148, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "eventTitle": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1138, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "eventTitle": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1118, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "eventTitle": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "eventTitle": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1092, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "eventTitle": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1085, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "eventTitle": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1076, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "eventTitle": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1070, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "eventTitle": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "eventTitle": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · c. eleventh century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod", "eventTitle": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–1 BCE in this model", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Rule begins 37 BCE; death disputed between 4 BCE conventional and 1 BCE project model", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Rule begins 37 BCE; death disputed between 4 BCE conventional and 1 BCE project model", "lesson": "Herod rules Judea as Rome's client king and dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing scholarly chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "eventTitle": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "September 11, 3 BCE · project astronomical hypothesis", "year": -3, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "Jesus was likely born before Herod's conventional death date of 4 BCE; the exact day and year are unknown.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "eventTitle": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "within a week of a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "eventTitle": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "about forty days after a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "magi", "eventTitle": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Before 4 BCE in Matthew's chronology", "year": -2, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "eventTitle": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "before Herod’s conventional 4 BCE death", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "eventTitle": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE project model · 4 BCE conventional", "year": -1, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE remains the majority scholarly chronology", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE remains the majority scholarly chronology", "lesson": "Herod dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing reconstruction of Josephus and the eclipse evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "eventTitle": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 4 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -4, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "eventTitle": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 8–9 CE", "year": 9, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ministry", "eventTitle": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30 CE (project model; 33 CE alternative)", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE and ends in either 30 or 33 CE depending on the Johannine festival sequence", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 27–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE and ends in either 30 or 33 CE depending on the Johannine festival sequence", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "eventTitle": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "April 7, 30 CE preferred · April 3, 33 CE co-primary", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday Passover candidates: April 7, 30 CE or April 3, 33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday Passover candidates: April 7, 30 CE or April 3, 33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate; 30 and 33 CE remain the principal proposed years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "eventTitle": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "30 CE or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } } ] }, { "id": "adopted--early-exodus", "leftId": "adopted", "rightId": "early-exodus", "differenceCount": 40, "visibilityChanges": 0, "dateChanges": 35, "interpretiveChanges": 10, "differences": [ { "eventId": "terru-terah", "eventTitle": "Terru of Urkesh and Terah", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh and a Possible Terah Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1800–1750 BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE context; Terah himself is not independently datable", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh and a Possible Terah Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Earlier 2nd millennium BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE context; Terah himself is not independently datable", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "eventTitle": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 21st–20th century BCE", "year": -2050, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "eventTitle": "Genesis 14 and Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 in the Age of Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1760 BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Amraphel king of Shinar with Hammurabi of Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 Coalition", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Identification not required", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified", "lesson": "The early-Exodus chronology does not require Amraphel to be Hammurabi.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] } }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "eventTitle": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 20th–19th century BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "eventTitle": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1630–1600 BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable", "lesson": "Joseph rises from slavery and imprisonment to become the chief administrator under a Hyksos ruler.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in an Earlier Egyptian Setting", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 19th–18th century BCE", "year": -1800, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable", "lesson": "Joseph is placed before the Hyksos period, often within a Middle Kingdom or early Second Intermediate context.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "eventTitle": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Hyksos rule occurs after Joseph in this chronology and may form part of the background between Joseph and the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "eventTitle": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1526 BCE", "year": -1526, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "eventTitle": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1319–1292 BCE · restoration context", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "The project places Moses’s adulthood, killing of the Egyptian overseer, and flight to Midian during Horemheb’s restoration regime.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Oppression before the Early Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 16th–15th century BCE", "year": -1500, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "The oppression is assigned to an earlier New Kingdom setting rather than the post-Amarna crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] } }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "eventTitle": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Seti I's campaigns occur long after the Exodus in this model and are not its immediate background.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "eventTitle": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1486 BCE in the early model", "year": -1486, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "eventTitle": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Rameses place-name is treated as a later updating of an older location name.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] } }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "eventTitle": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Kadesh remains an important Egyptian–Hittite battle but is unrelated to the enslavement or Exodus in this model.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "eventTitle": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] } }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "eventTitle": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] } }, { "eventId": "exodus", "eventTitle": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE", "year": -1446, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "Israel leaves Egypt approximately 480 years before Solomon's fourth year, following a chronological reading of 1 Kings 6:1.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "eventTitle": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "eventTitle": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446–1406 BCE", "year": -1426, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "eventTitle": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE in the early model", "year": -1406, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "eventTitle": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406–1400 BCE in the early model", "year": -1403, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "eventTitle": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1208 BCE · settlement horizon", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; securely before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Israelite settlement and ethnogenesis develop in Canaan before the Merneptah Stela names Israel around 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1406, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; securely before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Joshua's entry into Canaan is placed near 1406 BCE, with later settlement and consolidation continuing for generations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "eventTitle": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The stela remains the earliest surviving external reference to Israel, centuries after the proposed entry into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "eventTitle": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "early 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1390, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges", "eventTitle": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1400–1050 BCE in the early comparison model", "year": -1225, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "eventTitle": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1385, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "eventTitle": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1375, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "eventTitle": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1350, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "eventTitle": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th–13th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "eventTitle": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1260, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "eventTitle": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1230, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "eventTitle": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1175, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "eventTitle": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1140, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "eventTitle": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th–11th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1120, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "eventTitle": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE; 300-year statement broadly compatible", "year": -1100, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "eventTitle": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "eventTitle": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "eventTitle": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era; exact generation uncertain", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod", "eventTitle": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–1 BCE in this model", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Rule begins 37 BCE; death disputed between 4 BCE conventional and 1 BCE project model", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Rule begins 37 BCE; death disputed between 4 BCE conventional and 1 BCE project model", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "eventTitle": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "September 11, 3 BCE · project astronomical hypothesis", "year": -3, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE unless the 1 BCE Herod chronology is separately adopted", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "eventTitle": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE project model · 4 BCE conventional", "year": -1, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE remains the majority scholarly chronology", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE unless the minority chronology is separately adopted", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE remains the majority scholarly chronology", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "eventTitle": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "April 7, 30 CE preferred · April 3, 33 CE co-primary", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday Passover candidates: April 7, 30 CE or April 3, 33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday Passover candidates: April 7, 30 CE or April 3, 33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } } ] }, { "id": "historical-minimum--conventional", "leftId": "historical-minimum", "rightId": "conventional", "differenceCount": 149, "visibilityChanges": 146, "dateChanges": 42, "interpretiveChanges": 11, "differences": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "eventTitle": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] }, "right": { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] } }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "eventTitle": "Terru of Urkesh and Terah", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Terru is historically attested at Urkesh; no minimum historical model identifies him with Terah.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE context; Terah himself is not independently datable", "lesson": "Terru is a historically attested ruler or high official at Urkesh; the conventional model does not identify him with Terah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "eventTitle": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1770, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "The Abraham traditions are located in the ancient Near Eastern world, but conventional scholarship does not assign Abraham a secure absolute date.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "eventTitle": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Mari archive reveals the political, linguistic, legal, and pastoral world in which the project places Abraham and Terru.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Mari archive reveals the political, linguistic, legal, and pastoral world in which the project places Abraham and Terru.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "eventTitle": "Genesis 14 and Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "The Old Babylonian Political World", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Hammurabi and Old Babylonian coalition politics are documented; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Amraphel, King of Shinar", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified", "lesson": "Amraphel remains unidentified; the older equation with Hammurabi is generally rejected.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] } }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "eventTitle": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1690, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "eventTitle": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "West Semitic Populations in the Eastern Delta", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "lesson": "Avaris and substantial West Semitic populations are documented; Joseph is not independently identified with a Hyksos court.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date and dynasty uncertain", "year": -1615, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable", "lesson": "The Joseph narrative contains Egyptian features, but no consensus identifies his pharaoh or dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "eventTitle": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "eventTitle": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "eventTitle": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The fall of Old Babylonian Babylon closes the world of Hammurabi and illustrates the political instability surrounding the later patriarchal period.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The fall of Old Babylonian Babylon closes the world of Hammurabi and illustrates the political instability surrounding the later patriarchal period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "eventTitle": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris, conventionally in the mid-sixteenth century BCE", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris, conventionally in the mid-sixteenth century BCE", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] } }, { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "eventTitle": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s victory at Megiddo helps explain why fifteenth-century Canaan was an Egyptian imperial zone rather than an independent political vacuum.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s victory at Megiddo helps explain why fifteenth-century Canaan was an Egyptian imperial zone rather than an independent political vacuum.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "eventTitle": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s eastern Delta becomes the gateway to campaigns, tribute, diplomacy, and military logistics in Asia.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s eastern Delta becomes the gateway to campaigns, tribute, diplomacy, and military logistics in Asia.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "eventTitle": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Akhenaten’s religious and administrative revolution destabilizes the Egyptian court and its traditional institutions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Akhenaten’s religious and administrative revolution destabilizes the Egyptian court and its traditional institutions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "eventTitle": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Amarna correspondence exposes the fragmented city-state system of Canaan under Egyptian overlordship shortly before the project’s oppression chronology.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Amarna correspondence exposes the fragmented city-state system of Canaan under Egyptian overlordship shortly before the project’s oppression chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "eventTitle": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date uncertain", "year": -1321, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "eventTitle": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The young pharaoh’s death creates a dangerous succession crisis.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The young pharaoh’s death creates a dangerous succession crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "eventTitle": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Late-Eighteenth-Dynasty succession crisis", "lesson": "A widowed Egyptian queen requests a Hittite prince as husband. Zannanza dies on the journey, helping turn a succession crisis into renewed Egyptian–Hittite hostility.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Late-Eighteenth-Dynasty succession crisis", "lesson": "A widowed Egyptian queen requests a Hittite prince as husband. Zannanza dies on the journey, helping turn a succession crisis into renewed Egyptian–Hittite hostility.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "eventTitle": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Post-Amarna Restoration under Horemheb", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1320–1292 BCE", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "Horemheb’s restoration provides political context but is not identified as the cause of the oppression narrated in Exodus.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "The Oppression of Israel", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "No specific pharaoh identified", "year": -1305, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "Exodus does not name the pharaoh or connect the oppression to the Zannanza crisis or Hittite war.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] } }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "eventTitle": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "eventTitle": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1300, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "eventTitle": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] } }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "eventTitle": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "eventTitle": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The peace treaty following decades of conflict clarifies the geopolitical environment in which the project places the Exodus.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The peace treaty following decades of conflict clarifies the geopolitical environment in which the project places the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ] } }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "eventTitle": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1255, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] } }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "eventTitle": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] } }, { "eventId": "exodus", "eventTitle": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "The Exodus is central to Israel's biblical identity, but its date, scale, route, and Egyptian setting remain disputed.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "eventTitle": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "eventTitle": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1234, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "eventTitle": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1214, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "eventTitle": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1213, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "eventTitle": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Present in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "By c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "By c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "The Merneptah Stela independently establishes a people called Israel in Canaan by about 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late 13th–12th centuries BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; securely before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "A distinct Israelite population emerges in Canaan by the end of the Late Bronze Age and beginning of the Iron Age.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "eventTitle": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "eventTitle": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1200, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "eventTitle": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Palatial systems collapse across the eastern Mediterranean as Israel, Philistines, and new Iron Age polities emerge.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Palatial systems collapse across the eastern Mediterranean as Israel, Philistines, and new Iron Age polities emerge.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "eventTitle": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor-with-broad-crisis-window", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egyptian and Ugaritic records document several maritime and overland coalitions during the eastern Mediterranean crisis. “Sea Peoples” is a modern umbrella term, not the name of one unified nation or a sufficient explanation for the entire collapse.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor-with-broad-crisis-window", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egyptian and Ugaritic records document several maritime and overland coalitions during the eastern Mediterranean crisis. “Sea Peoples” is a modern umbrella term, not the name of one unified nation or a sufficient explanation for the entire collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] } }, { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "eventTitle": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Philistine cities become a major political and military force in the setting of Judges and Samuel.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Philistine cities become a major political and military force in the setting of Judges and Samuel.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges", "eventTitle": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact duration and sequence uncertain", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "eventTitle": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1192, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "eventTitle": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1188, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "eventTitle": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1178, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "eventTitle": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1158, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "eventTitle": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1148, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "eventTitle": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1138, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "eventTitle": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1118, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "eventTitle": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "eventTitle": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1092, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "eventTitle": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1085, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "eventTitle": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1076, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "eventTitle": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1070, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "eventTitle": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "eventTitle": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · c. eleventh century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "eventTitle": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "eventTitle": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "saul", "eventTitle": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "david", "eventTitle": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David unites the tribes, captures Jerusalem, and receives the promise of an enduring dynasty.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David unites the tribes, captures Jerusalem, and receives the promise of an enduring dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "eventTitle": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "solomon", "eventTitle": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "eventTitle": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "eventTitle": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "eventTitle": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The campaign of Shoshenq I is one of the earliest major external synchronisms for the divided monarchy.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The campaign of Shoshenq I is one of the earliest major external synchronisms for the divided monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "eventTitle": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Omri purchases the hill of Samaria and establishes a durable northern capital that gives his dynasty and kingdom a new geopolitical center.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Omri purchases the hill of Samaria and establishes a durable northern capital that gives his dynasty and kingdom a new geopolitical center.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "eventTitle": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "eventTitle": "Ahab at the Battle of Qarqar", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at the Battle of Qarqar", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ahab joins a Levantine coalition resisting Assyrian expansion.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting of 1 Kings 16–22", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at the Battle of Qarqar", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ahab joins a Levantine coalition resisting Assyrian expansion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting of 1 Kings 16–22", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "eventTitle": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "jehu", "eventTitle": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom submits tribute to the expanding Assyrian Empire.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom submits tribute to the expanding Assyrian Empire.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "eventTitle": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mesha’s inscription provides a Moabite royal account of conflict with Israel and an invaluable non-biblical perspective on the Omride world.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mesha’s inscription provides a Moabite royal account of conflict with Israel and an invaluable non-biblical perspective on the Omride world.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "eventTitle": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Aramaic victory inscription refers to the king of Israel and the House of David, externally attesting a Davidic dynastic designation.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Aramaic victory inscription refers to the king of Israel and the House of David, externally attesting a Davidic dynastic designation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "eventTitle": "Jeroboam II, Uzziah, and Eighth-Century Prosperity", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II, Uzziah, and Eighth-Century Prosperity", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel and Judah experience expansion and wealth while prophets condemn exploitation, corruption, and false security.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II, Uzziah, and Eighth-Century Prosperity", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel and Judah experience expansion and wealth while prophets condemn exploitation, corruption, and false security.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "eventTitle": "Tiglath-pileser III Transforms the Levant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "Tiglath-pileser III Transforms the Levant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -735, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria shifts from episodic campaigning to annexation, deportation, tribute, and provincial government.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "Tiglath-pileser III Transforms the Levant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -735, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria shifts from episodic campaigning to annexation, deportation, tribute, and provincial government.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "eventTitle": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The crisis explains the political setting of Isaiah’s Immanuel prophecy and Judah’s turn toward Assyrian protection.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The crisis explains the political setting of Isaiah’s Immanuel prophecy and Judah’s turn toward Assyrian protection.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "eventTitle": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III destroys the anti-Assyrian coalition, annexes Damascus, and removes northern Israelite territories and populations.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III destroys the anti-Assyrian coalition, annexes Damascus, and removes northern Israelite territories and populations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "eventTitle": "Samaria Falls to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Samaria Falls to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom is conquered and significant populations are deported.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Samaria Falls to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom is conquered and significant populations are deported.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "eventTitle": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem’s water systems and inscriptions illuminate preparations for Assyrian invasion and the administrative world of Hezekiah.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem’s water systems and inscriptions illuminate preparations for Assyrian invasion and the administrative world of Hezekiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ] } }, { "eventId": "sennacherib", "eventTitle": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria devastates Judah, captures Lachish, and threatens Jerusalem during Hezekiah’s reign.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria devastates Judah, captures Lachish, and threatens Jerusalem during Hezekiah’s reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "eventTitle": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Manasseh’s long reign follows the Assyrian crisis under Hezekiah and embeds Judah more deeply in the imperial order.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Manasseh’s long reign follows the Assyrian crisis under Hezekiah and embeds Judah more deeply in the imperial order.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ] } }, { "eventId": "josiah", "eventTitle": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "eventTitle": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "eventTitle": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah is killed during Pharaoh Necho II’s northern campaign, ending Judah’s reform era and beginning rapid subordination to Egypt and Babylon.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah is killed during Pharaoh Necho II’s northern campaign, ending Judah’s reform era and beginning rapid subordination to Egypt and Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "carchemish", "eventTitle": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nebuchadnezzar destroys Egyptian power in Syria and brings Judah into Babylon’s sphere.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nebuchadnezzar destroys Egyptian power in Syria and brings Judah into Babylon’s sphere.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] } }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "eventTitle": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] } }, { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "eventTitle": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The 597 BCE deportation creates the exilic community addressed by Ezekiel and precedes Jerusalem’s final destruction.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The 597 BCE deportation creates the exilic community addressed by Ezekiel and precedes Jerusalem’s final destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ] } }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "eventTitle": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] } }, { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "eventTitle": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Military ostraca from Lachish preserve the anxious administrative language of Judah’s final days.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Military ostraca from Lachish preserve the anxious administrative language of Judah’s final days.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "eventTitle": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem, ends the Davidic monarchy, and exiles much of Judah’s leadership.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem, ends the Davidic monarchy, and exiles much of Judah’s leadership.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "eventTitle": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A fugitive reaches Ezekiel’s community with confirmation that Jerusalem has fallen, marking the turn from warning to restoration in the book.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A fugitive reaches Ezekiel’s community with confirmation that Jerusalem has fallen, marking the turn from warning to restoration in the book.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] } }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "eventTitle": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "eventTitle": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "title": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "561/560 BCE", "year": -560, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; 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the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] } }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "eventTitle": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "eventTitle": "Esther at the Persian Court", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther at the Persian Court", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483–473 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Esther’s narrative places a Judean woman and her guardian Mordecai within the royal court of Ahasuerus, commonly identified with Xerxes I.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther at the Persian Court", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483–473 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Esther’s narrative places a Judean woman and her guardian Mordecai within the royal court of Ahasuerus, commonly identified with Xerxes I.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] } }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "eventTitle": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "eventTitle": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "eventTitle": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] } }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "eventTitle": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] } }, { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "eventTitle": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Aramaic papyri reveal a Judean military community in Egypt with its own temple and complex religious practices.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-elephantine", "asor-elephantine" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Aramaic papyri reveal a Judean military community in Egypt with its own temple and complex religious practices.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-elephantine", "asor-elephantine" ] } }, { "eventId": "alexander", "eventTitle": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea enters the Hellenistic world, where Greek language and institutions become increasingly influential.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea enters the Hellenistic world, where Greek language and institutions become increasingly influential.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "eventTitle": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish scriptures are translated into Greek, creating the textual world later quoted extensively by New Testament authors.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish scriptures are translated into Greek, creating the textual world later quoted extensively by New Testament authors.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ] } }, { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "eventTitle": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea passes through competing Hellenistic imperial systems that reshape taxation, cities, language, and elite politics.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea passes through competing Hellenistic imperial systems that reshape taxation, cities, language, and elite politics.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "maccabees", "eventTitle": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish resistance defeats Seleucid efforts to suppress traditional worship and rededicates the Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish resistance defeats Seleucid efforts to suppress traditional worship and rededicates the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] } }, { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "eventTitle": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The revolt develops into an independent Jewish state combining priestly and royal authority.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The revolt develops into an independent Jewish state combining priestly and royal authority.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ] } }, { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "eventTitle": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The scrolls preserve biblical manuscripts, legal texts, apocalyptic writings, prayers, commentaries, and sectarian rules from the world before and during Jesus.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The scrolls preserve biblical manuscripts, legal texts, apocalyptic writings, prayers, commentaries, and sectarian rules from the world before and during Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ] } }, { "eventId": "pompey", "eventTitle": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman intervention ends effective Hasmonean independence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman intervention ends effective Hasmonean independence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod", "eventTitle": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE; death disputed", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Rule begins 37 BCE; death disputed between 4 BCE conventional and 1 BCE project model", "lesson": "Herod rules Judea as Rome's client king and dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing scholarly chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod-temple", "eventTitle": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod’s monumental temple project creates the physical and political center of the Gospel narratives.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod’s monumental temple project creates the physical and political center of the Gospel narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "eventTitle": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Augustus’s settlement of Roman power creates the imperial political framework of Jesus’s birth.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Augustus’s settlement of Roman power creates the imperial political framework of Jesus’s birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "eventTitle": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Yeshua", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "broadly c. 6–2 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 6–2 BCE", "lesson": "Yeshua was born before Herod’s death, but the exact civil year and day cannot be established from surviving evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "Jesus was likely born before Herod's conventional death date of 4 BCE; the exact day and year are unknown.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "eventTitle": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "within a week of a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "eventTitle": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "about forty days after a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "magi", "eventTitle": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Before 4 BCE in Matthew's chronology", "year": -2, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "eventTitle": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "before Herod’s conventional 4 BCE death", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "eventTitle": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE conventional", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE remains the majority scholarly chronology", "lesson": "Herod dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing reconstruction of Josephus and the eclipse evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "eventTitle": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 4 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -4, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "eventTitle": "Quirinius, the Census, and the Annexation of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Quirinius, the Census, and the Annexation of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The securely dated census of 6 CE is a central historical problem for interpreting Luke’s birth chronology.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Quirinius, the Census, and the Annexation of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The securely dated census of 6 CE is a central historical problem for interpreting Luke’s birth chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "eventTitle": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 8–9 CE", "year": 9, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "eventTitle": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The ministries of John and Jesus occur under Tiberius and the prefecture of Pontius Pilate.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The ministries of John and Jesus occur under Tiberius and the prefecture of Pontius Pilate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ] } }, { "eventId": "john-baptist", "eventTitle": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "John announces judgment, calls Israel to repentance, baptizes in the Jordan, and inaugurates the public setting of Jesus’s ministry.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "John announces judgment, calls Israel to repentance, baptizes in the Jordan, and inaugurates the public setting of Jesus’s ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "eventTitle": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is baptized by John and begins the transition into his public ministry.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is baptized by John and begins the transition into his public ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ] } }, { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "eventTitle": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Antipas executes John, whose movement and death are independently remembered by Josephus and the Synoptic Gospels.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Antipas executes John, whose movement and death are independently remembered by Josephus and the Synoptic Gospels.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ministry", "eventTitle": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "historicalRange" ], "left": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 27–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE and ends in either 30 or 33 CE depending on the Johannine festival sequence", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "eventTitle": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "eventTitle": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "30 or 33 CE", "lesson": "Yeshua was crucified under Pontius Pilate; April 7, 30 CE and April 3, 33 CE remain the principal calendar candidates.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday Passover candidates: April 7, 30 CE or April 3, 33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate; 30 and 33 CE remain the principal proposed years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "eventTitle": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "30 CE or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "eventTitle": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "eventTitle": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "eventTitle": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul changes from persecutor to missionary after an experience he interprets as an appearance and call of the risen Jesus.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul changes from persecutor to missionary after an experience he interprets as an appearance and call of the risen Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "eventTitle": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "eventTitle": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "eventTitle": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "eventTitle": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Agrippa I dies suddenly after public acclamation, ending the brief reunification of much of Herod the Great’s kingdom.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Agrippa I dies suddenly after public acclamation, ending the brief reunification of much of Herod the Great’s kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "eventTitle": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Leaders in Jerusalem and Antioch negotiate the status of Gentile converts and the obligations expected of them.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Leaders in Jerusalem and Antioch negotiate the status of Gentile converts and the obligations expected of them.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "eventTitle": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul travels through Anatolia into Macedonia and Achaia, founding or strengthening communities at Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul travels through Anatolia into Macedonia and Achaia, founding or strengthening communities at Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ] } }, { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "eventTitle": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia, during his Corinthian mission.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia, during his Corinthian mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "eventTitle": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul makes Ephesus a long-term base, revisits Macedonia and Achaia, organizes the collection for Jerusalem, and begins his final return.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul makes Ephesus a long-term base, revisits Macedonia and Achaia, organizes the collection for Jerusalem, and begins his final return.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "eventTitle": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "eventTitle": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "eventTitle": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The high priest Ananus convenes a council and has James, the brother of Jesus called Christ, executed.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The high priest Ananus convenes a council and has James, the brother of Jesus called Christ, executed.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "eventTitle": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After the fire of Rome, Nero punishes Christians in the capital, creating the earliest clear Roman literary notice of an imperial persecution focused on the movement.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After the fire of Rome, Nero punishes Christians in the capital, creating the earliest clear Roman literary notice of an imperial persecution focused on the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; 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the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "eventTitle": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Rebellion against Rome expands from Jerusalem and Judea into a major war that ends the Second Temple order and reshapes Jewish and Christian history.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Rebellion against Rome expands from Jerusalem and Judea into a major war that ends the Second Temple order and reshapes Jewish and Christian history.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "eventTitle": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Titus’s army captures Jerusalem, burns the Temple, and dismantles the political and cultic center of Judea.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Titus’s army captures Jerusalem, burns the Temple, and dismantles the political and cultic center of Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "masada-falls", "eventTitle": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman forces besiege and capture Masada, conventionally marking the final major military episode of the First Revolt.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman forces besiege and capture Masada, conventionally marking the final major military episode of the First Revolt.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "eventTitle": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A second major revolt establishes a short-lived Jewish administration under Simon bar Kosiba before overwhelming Roman suppression.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A second major revolt establishes a short-lived Jewish administration under Simon bar Kosiba before overwhelming Roman suppression.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } } ] }, { "id": "historical-minimum--early-exodus", "leftId": "historical-minimum", "rightId": "early-exodus", "differenceCount": 149, "visibilityChanges": 146, "dateChanges": 35, "interpretiveChanges": 13, "differences": [ { "eventId": "primeval-history", "eventTitle": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] }, "right": { "eventId": "primeval-history", "title": "Genesis 1–11: Primeval History", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Before c. 1800 BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Creation, humanity’s rebellion, the Flood, and Babel establish the theological background of the biblical story.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 1–11", "sourceIds": [] } }, { "eventId": "terru-terah", "eventTitle": "Terru of Urkesh and Terah", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Terru is historically attested at Urkesh; no minimum historical model identifies him with Terah.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh and a Possible Terah Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Earlier 2nd millennium BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE context; Terah himself is not independently datable", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "eventTitle": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1780–1760 BCE", "year": -1770, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 21st–20th century BCE", "year": -2050, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "eventTitle": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Mari archive reveals the political, linguistic, legal, and pastoral world in which the project places Abraham and Terru.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "mari-zimrilim", "title": "Mari, Zimri-Lim, and the Old Babylonian Archive", "era": "Patriarchs and Mesopotamia", "displayDate": "c. 1775–1761 BCE", "year": -1768, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Mari archive reveals the political, linguistic, legal, and pastoral world in which the project places Abraham and Terru.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11–14 provides the biblical comparison; Mari does not name Abraham.", "sourceIds": [ "durand-arm28", "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "eventTitle": "Genesis 14 and Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "The Old Babylonian Political World", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1760, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 18th century BCE", "lesson": "Hammurabi and Old Babylonian coalition politics are documented; Amraphel remains unidentified.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 Coalition", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Identification not required", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified", "lesson": "The early-Exodus chronology does not require Amraphel to be Hammurabi.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] } }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "eventTitle": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 1750–1650 BCE", "year": -1690, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 20th–19th century BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "eventTitle": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "West Semitic Populations in the Eastern Delta", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "year": -1615, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 17th–16th centuries BCE", "lesson": "Avaris and substantial West Semitic populations are documented; Joseph is not independently identified with a Hyksos court.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in an Earlier Egyptian Setting", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 19th–18th century BCE", "year": -1800, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable", "lesson": "Joseph is placed before the Hyksos period, often within a Middle Kingdom or early Second Intermediate context.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "eventTitle": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jacob-egypt", "title": "Jacob’s Household Enters Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1625–1600 BCE", "year": -1610, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jacob’s extended household relocates to Egypt during Joseph’s ascendancy, creating the narrative bridge from the patriarchs to Israel’s Egyptian residence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 45–47; Exodus 1:1–7", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "eventTitle": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Hyksos rule occurs after Joseph in this chronology and may form part of the background between Joseph and the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "eventTitle": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The fall of Old Babylonian Babylon closes the world of Hammurabi and illustrates the political instability surrounding the later patriarchal period.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hittite-sack-babylon", "title": "Hittite Sack of Babylon and the End of the Old Babylonian Dynasty", "era": "Joseph and Hyksos Egypt", "displayDate": "c. 1595 BCE", "year": -1595, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The fall of Old Babylonian Babylon closes the world of Hammurabi and illustrates the political instability surrounding the later patriarchal period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text directly describes the Hittite sack of Babylon.", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "eventTitle": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris, conventionally in the mid-sixteenth century BCE", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hyksos-expulsion", "title": "Ahmose I Captures Avaris; Proposed Beginning of Servitude", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1530 BCE · documented conquest / proposed servitude threshold", "year": -1530, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris, conventionally in the mid-sixteenth century BCE", "lesson": "Ahmose I’s conquest of Avaris ended Hyksos rule. This project proposes that the subjugation of remaining eastern-Delta Asiatic communities began within this dynastic reversal and later developed into Israelite servitude.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed long-term background for Exodus 1:8–14", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "lichtheim-ahmose-abana" ] } }, { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "eventTitle": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s victory at Megiddo helps explain why fifteenth-century Canaan was an Egyptian imperial zone rather than an independent political vacuum.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "thutmose-megiddo", "title": "Thutmose III at Megiddo", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1457 BCE", "year": -1457, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s victory at Megiddo helps explain why fifteenth-century Canaan was an Egyptian imperial zone rather than an independent political vacuum.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The battle is not narrated in the Bible; it matters to early-Exodus conquest proposals.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "eventTitle": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s eastern Delta becomes the gateway to campaigns, tribute, diplomacy, and military logistics in Asia.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "egyptian-empire", "title": "Egypt Builds an Empire in Canaan", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1550–1350 BCE", "year": -1450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egypt’s eastern Delta becomes the gateway to campaigns, tribute, diplomacy, and military logistics in Asia.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:7–10 as later interpreted within this setting", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "eventTitle": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Akhenaten’s religious and administrative revolution destabilizes the Egyptian court and its traditional institutions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amarna-crisis", "title": "Akhenaten and the Amarna Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1353–1336 BCE", "year": -1345, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Akhenaten’s religious and administrative revolution destabilizes the Egyptian court and its traditional institutions.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background only", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "eventTitle": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Amarna correspondence exposes the fragmented city-state system of Canaan under Egyptian overlordship shortly before the project’s oppression chronology.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amarna-letters", "title": "The Amarna Letters and Canaanite Vassal Politics", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1350–1330 BCE", "year": -1340, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Amarna correspondence exposes the fragmented city-state system of Canaan under Egyptian overlordship shortly before the project’s oppression chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Possible comparisons include Habiru language and the political world behind later conquest traditions, but no letter identifies biblical Israel.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "eventTitle": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1322–1320 BCE · project placement", "year": -1321, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1526 BCE", "year": -1526, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "eventTitle": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The young pharaoh’s death creates a dangerous succession crisis.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "tutankhamun-death", "title": "Tutankhamun Dies Without an Heir", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323 BCE", "year": -1323, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The young pharaoh’s death creates a dangerous succession crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical background proposed for Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "eventTitle": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Late-Eighteenth-Dynasty succession crisis", "lesson": "A widowed Egyptian queen requests a Hittite prince as husband. Zannanza dies on the journey, helping turn a succession crisis into renewed Egyptian–Hittite hostility.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "zannanza-affair", "title": "The Daḫamunzu–Zannanza Crisis", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1323–1322 BCE · external crisis / proposed trigger", "year": -1322, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Late-Eighteenth-Dynasty succession crisis", "lesson": "A widowed Egyptian queen requests a Hittite prince as husband. Zannanza dies on the journey, helping turn a succession crisis into renewed Egyptian–Hittite hostility.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Proposed political setting for the war fear of Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides", "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "eventTitle": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Post-Amarna Restoration under Horemheb", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1320–1292 BCE", "year": -1305, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "Horemheb’s restoration provides political context but is not identified as the cause of the oppression narrated in Exodus.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Oppression before the Early Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 16th–15th century BCE", "year": -1500, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "The oppression is assigned to an earlier New Kingdom setting rather than the post-Amarna crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] } }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "eventTitle": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Seti I's campaigns occur long after the Exodus in this model and are not its immediate background.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "eventTitle": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1300–1255 BCE · duration uncertain", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1486 BCE in the early model", "year": -1486, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "eventTitle": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Rameses place-name is treated as a later updating of an older location name.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] } }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "eventTitle": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Kadesh remains an important Egyptian–Hittite battle but is unrelated to the enslavement or Exodus in this model.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "eventTitle": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The peace treaty following decades of conflict clarifies the geopolitical environment in which the project places the Exodus.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "egypt-hatti-treaty", "title": "Egyptian–Hittite Peace Treaty", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1259 BCE", "year": -1259, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The peace treaty following decades of conflict clarifies the geopolitical environment in which the project places the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical text mentions the treaty.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "wilson-kadesh-texts" ] } }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "eventTitle": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1255–1254 BCE · project placement", "year": -1255, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] } }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "eventTitle": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted firstborn synchronism", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] } }, { "eventId": "exodus", "eventTitle": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE · adopted project coordinate", "year": -1254, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "The project places Israel’s departure in approximately 1254 BCE, immediately after the death of Amun-her-khepeshef in the adopted firstborn-prince synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE", "year": -1446, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "Israel leaves Egypt approximately 480 years before Solomon's fourth year, following a chronological reading of 1 Kings 6:1.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "eventTitle": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254 BCE", "year": -1254, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "eventTitle": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1254–1214 BCE · project forty-year interval", "year": -1234, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446–1406 BCE", "year": -1426, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "eventTitle": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214 BCE · project coordinate", "year": -1214, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE in the early model", "year": -1406, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "eventTitle": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1214–1210 BCE · early settlement phase", "year": -1213, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406–1400 BCE in the early model", "year": -1403, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "eventTitle": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Present in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "By c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "By c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "The Merneptah Stela independently establishes a people called Israel in Canaan by about 1208 BCE.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1406, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; securely before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Joshua's entry into Canaan is placed near 1406 BCE, with later settlement and consolidation continuing for generations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "eventTitle": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The stela remains the earliest surviving external reference to Israel, centuries after the proposed entry into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "eventTitle": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1205–1195 BCE · literary transition", "year": -1200, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "early 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1390, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "eventTitle": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Palatial systems collapse across the eastern Mediterranean as Israel, Philistines, and new Iron Age polities emerge.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "bronze-age-collapse", "title": "The Late Bronze Age Collapse", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1150 BCE", "year": -1180, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Palatial systems collapse across the eastern Mediterranean as Israel, Philistines, and new Iron Age polities emerge.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges depicts decentralized conflict and social fragmentation; it is not a direct chronicle of the entire regional collapse.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "eventTitle": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor-with-broad-crisis-window", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egyptian and Ugaritic records document several maritime and overland coalitions during the eastern Mediterranean crisis. “Sea Peoples” is a modern umbrella term, not the name of one unified nation or a sufficient explanation for the entire collapse.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sea-peoples-crisis", "title": "Sea Peoples Movements and Egypt’s Defensive Wars", "era": "Late Bronze Age Collapse", "displayDate": "c. 1208–1177 BCE", "year": -1177, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor-with-broad-crisis-window", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Egyptian and Ugaritic records document several maritime and overland coalitions during the eastern Mediterranean crisis. “Sea Peoples” is a modern umbrella term, not the name of one unified nation or a sufficient explanation for the entire collapse.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "No biblical passage clearly narrates these Egyptian campaigns. Later Philistine traditions provide regional comparison, not a direct identification of every named Sea People.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-medinet-habu-oip8", "isac-medinet-habu-saoc12", "ugarit-enemy-ships", "cambridge-collapse-nuance" ] } }, { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "eventTitle": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Philistine cities become a major political and military force in the setting of Judges and Samuel.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "philistine-settlement", "title": "Philistine Settlement in the Southern Coastal Plain", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1175–1100 BCE", "year": -1150, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Philistine cities become a major political and military force in the setting of Judges and Samuel.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16; 1 Samuel 4–31.", "sourceIds": [ "cline-hazor", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges", "eventTitle": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1200–1050 BCE", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1400–1050 BCE in the early comparison model", "year": -1225, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "eventTitle": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · after c. 1210 BCE", "year": -1192, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1385, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "eventTitle": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · literary appendix", "year": -1188, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1375, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "eventTitle": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1178, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1350, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "eventTitle": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early–middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1158, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th–13th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "eventTitle": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · near Deborah’s setting", "year": -1148, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1260, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "eventTitle": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1138, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1230, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "eventTitle": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · broad working placement", "year": -1118, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1175, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "eventTitle": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "After Gideon · three-year local rule", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1140, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "eventTitle": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Middle–late Judges era · regional administrations", "year": -1092, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th–11th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1120, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "eventTitle": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · before the monarchy", "year": -1085, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE; 300-year statement broadly compatible", "year": -1100, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "eventTitle": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · overlaps Philistine oppression", "year": -1076, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "eventTitle": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late Judges era · regional overlap", "year": -1070, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "eventTitle": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era · exact generation uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era; exact generation uncertain", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "eventTitle": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "eventTitle": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ark-captured-aphek", "title": "The Ark Captured at Aphek and the Fall of Shiloh", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1075–1055 BCE", "year": -1065, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel’s defeat at Aphek, the capture of the Ark, and the deaths of Eli’s sons mark the collapse of the Shiloh priestly order.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 4–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14; Psalm 78:56–64", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "eventTitle": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "samuel-mizpah", "title": "Samuel at Mizpah and the Philistine Reversal", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1060–1050 BCE", "year": -1055, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samuel gathers Israel at Mizpah, leads a covenantal reform, and presides over a reversal against Philistine pressure before the demand for a king.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "saul", "eventTitle": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "saul", "title": "Saul and the First Monarchy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1050–1010 BCE", "year": -1030, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel centralizes under Saul as Philistine pressure intensifies.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Samuel 8–31", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "david", "eventTitle": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David unites the tribes, captures Jerusalem, and receives the promise of an enduring dynasty.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "david", "title": "David Makes Jerusalem the Capital", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1010–970 BCE", "year": -990, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David unites the tribes, captures Jerusalem, and receives the promise of an enduring dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel; 1 Chronicles 11–29", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "david-captures-jerusalem", "title": "David Captures Jerusalem", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1003 BCE", "year": -1003, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David takes the Jebusite stronghold, makes it his capital, and creates a political center not previously controlled by either Judah or the northern tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "eventTitle": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ark-davidic-covenant", "title": "The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 1000 BCE", "year": -1000, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "David transfers the Ark to Jerusalem and receives the dynastic promise that becomes central to later royal and messianic theology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Samuel 6–7; 1 Chronicles 13–17", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "solomon", "eventTitle": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "solomon", "title": "Solomon and the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 970–931 BCE", "year": -950, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon builds the Jerusalem Temple and presides over a prosperous but heavily administered kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 1–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "eventTitle": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "first-temple-dedication", "title": "Construction and Dedication of the First Temple", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 965–960 BCE", "year": -962, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Solomon organizes labor and international supply networks to build and dedicate the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 5–8; 2 Chronicles 2–7", "sourceIds": [ "met-cyrus-diaspora", "isac-ancient-israel", "josephus-antiquities-index" ] } }, { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "eventTitle": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "divided-kingdom", "title": "The Kingdom Divides", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 931 BCE", "year": -931, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel divides into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 12", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "eventTitle": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The campaign of Shoshenq I is one of the earliest major external synchronisms for the divided monarchy.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shoshenq-campaign", "title": "Shoshenq I Campaigns in Judah and Israel", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 925 BCE", "year": -925, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The campaign of Shoshenq I is one of the earliest major external synchronisms for the divided monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12.", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "eventTitle": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Omri purchases the hill of Samaria and establishes a durable northern capital that gives his dynasty and kingdom a new geopolitical center.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "omri-samaria", "title": "Omri Founds Samaria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 880 BCE", "year": -880, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Omri purchases the hill of Samaria and establishes a durable northern capital that gives his dynasty and kingdom a new geopolitical center.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 16:21–28", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "eventTitle": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "elijah-carmel", "title": "Elijah and the Mount Carmel Confrontation", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 860–853 BCE", "year": -856, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elijah challenges Ahab’s royal religious program during drought and conflict, culminating in the Mount Carmel confrontation and flight to Horeb.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 17–19", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria-iberia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "qarqar", "eventTitle": "Ahab at the Battle of Qarqar", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at the Battle of Qarqar", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ahab joins a Levantine coalition resisting Assyrian expansion.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting of 1 Kings 16–22", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "qarqar", "title": "Ahab at the Battle of Qarqar", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "853 BCE", "year": -853, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ahab joins a Levantine coalition resisting Assyrian expansion.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting of 1 Kings 16–22", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "eventTitle": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "elisha-aramean-wars", "title": "Elisha and the Aramean Wars", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 850–800 BCE", "year": -825, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Elisha’s cycle spans dynastic upheaval, famine, warfare with Aram-Damascus, and the rise of Jehu’s house.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Kings 19:19–21; 2 Kings 2–13", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "jehu", "eventTitle": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom submits tribute to the expanding Assyrian Empire.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jehu", "title": "Jehu Pays Tribute to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 841 BCE", "year": -841, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom submits tribute to the expanding Assyrian Empire.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 9–10", "sourceIds": [ "bm-black-obelisk", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "eventTitle": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mesha’s inscription provides a Moabite royal account of conflict with Israel and an invaluable non-biblical perspective on the Omride world.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "mesha-stele", "title": "The Mesha Stele and Moab’s Revolt", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840 BCE", "year": -840, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mesha’s inscription provides a Moabite royal account of conflict with Israel and an invaluable non-biblical perspective on the Omride world.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 3.", "sourceIds": [ "louvre-mesha", "louvre-mesha-fragments", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "eventTitle": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Aramaic victory inscription refers to the king of Israel and the House of David, externally attesting a Davidic dynastic designation.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "tel-dan-stele", "title": "The Tel Dan Stele and the House of David", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 840–800 BCE", "year": -830, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Aramaic victory inscription refers to the king of Israel and the House of David, externally attesting a Davidic dynastic designation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Often compared with 2 Kings 8–10.", "sourceIds": [ "jewish-museum-tel-dan", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "eventTitle": "Jeroboam II, Uzziah, and Eighth-Century Prosperity", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II, Uzziah, and Eighth-Century Prosperity", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel and Judah experience expansion and wealth while prophets condemn exploitation, corruption, and false security.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jeroboam-uzziah", "title": "Jeroboam II, Uzziah, and Eighth-Century Prosperity", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 790–740 BCE", "year": -760, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel and Judah experience expansion and wealth while prophets condemn exploitation, corruption, and false security.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 14–15; Amos; Hosea; Isaiah 1–6.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "eventTitle": "Tiglath-pileser III Transforms the Levant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "Tiglath-pileser III Transforms the Levant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -735, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria shifts from episodic campaigning to annexation, deportation, tribute, and provincial government.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "tiglath-pileser", "title": "Tiglath-pileser III Transforms the Levant", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "745–727 BCE", "year": -735, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria shifts from episodic campaigning to annexation, deportation, tribute, and provincial government.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15–16; Isaiah 7–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "eventTitle": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The crisis explains the political setting of Isaiah’s Immanuel prophecy and Judah’s turn toward Assyrian protection.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "syro-ephraimite", "title": "The Syro-Ephraimite Crisis", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "734–732 BCE", "year": -733, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The crisis explains the political setting of Isaiah’s Immanuel prophecy and Judah’s turn toward Assyrian protection.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; 2 Chronicles 28.", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "eventTitle": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III destroys the anti-Assyrian coalition, annexes Damascus, and removes northern Israelite territories and populations.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "assyria-damascus-galilee", "title": "Assyria Captures Damascus and Galilee", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "732 BCE", "year": -732, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tiglath-pileser III destroys the anti-Assyrian coalition, annexes Damascus, and removes northern Israelite territories and populations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 15:29–30; 16:9; Isaiah 7–8", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "eventTitle": "Samaria Falls to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Samaria Falls to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom is conquered and significant populations are deported.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "samaria-falls", "title": "Samaria Falls to Assyria", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "722/721 BCE", "year": -722, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The northern kingdom is conquered and significant populations are deported.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 17", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "eventTitle": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem’s water systems and inscriptions illuminate preparations for Assyrian invasion and the administrative world of Hezekiah.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hezekiah-tunnel", "title": "Hezekiah’s Waterworks and the Siloam Inscriptions", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem’s water systems and inscriptions illuminate preparations for Assyrian invasion and the administrative world of Hezekiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 22 and 36–39.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-shebna", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "bm-lachish" ] } }, { "eventId": "sennacherib", "eventTitle": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria devastates Judah, captures Lachish, and threatens Jerusalem during Hezekiah’s reign.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sennacherib", "title": "Sennacherib Invades Judah", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "701 BCE", "year": -701, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Assyria devastates Judah, captures Lachish, and threatens Jerusalem during Hezekiah’s reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 18–19; Isaiah 36–37", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish", "bm-sennacherib-prism", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "eventTitle": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Manasseh’s long reign follows the Assyrian crisis under Hezekiah and embeds Judah more deeply in the imperial order.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "manasseh-reign", "title": "Manasseh’s Reign and Assyrian Vassalage", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "c. 697–642 BCE", "year": -670, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Manasseh’s long reign follows the Assyrian crisis under Hezekiah and embeds Judah more deeply in the imperial order.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 21; 2 Chronicles 33", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-assyria-iberia" ] } }, { "eventId": "josiah", "eventTitle": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "josiah", "title": "Josiah’s Reform and Assyria’s Collapse", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "640–609 BCE", "year": -625, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah renews covenant worship as Assyrian control weakens.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "eventTitle": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "josiah-scroll-passover", "title": "The Torah Scroll Discovery and Josiah’s Passover", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "622/621 BCE", "year": -621, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A scroll found during Temple repairs triggers covenant renewal, cultic reform, and a major Passover under Josiah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 22–23; 2 Chronicles 34–35", "sourceIds": [ "met-assyria", "met-late-egypt", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "eventTitle": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah is killed during Pharaoh Necho II’s northern campaign, ending Judah’s reform era and beginning rapid subordination to Egypt and Babylon.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "josiah-death-megiddo", "title": "Josiah Dies at Megiddo", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "609 BCE", "year": -609, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Josiah is killed during Pharaoh Necho II’s northern campaign, ending Judah’s reform era and beginning rapid subordination to Egypt and Babylon.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 23:28–30; 2 Chronicles 35:20–27", "sourceIds": [ "met-late-egypt", "bm-chronicle-general", "met-assyria" ] } }, { "eventId": "carchemish", "eventTitle": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nebuchadnezzar destroys Egyptian power in Syria and brings Judah into Babylon’s sphere.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "carchemish", "title": "Babylon Defeats Egypt at Carchemish", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nebuchadnezzar destroys Egyptian power in Syria and brings Judah into Babylon’s sphere.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Jeremiah 46; Daniel 1 in the adopted biblical chronology", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] } }, { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "eventTitle": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "daniel-first-captives", "title": "Daniel and the First Judean Captives in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 605 BCE", "year": -605, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Daniel 1 places a first transfer of Judean elites and Temple vessels at the beginning of Babylonian dominance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 1:1–7; 2 Kings 24:1; 2 Chronicles 36:5–7", "sourceIds": [ "bm-chronicle-general", "met-babylon", "bm-babylon-chronicle-597" ] } }, { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "eventTitle": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The 597 BCE deportation creates the exilic community addressed by Ezekiel and precedes Jerusalem’s final destruction.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "first-babylonian-exile", "title": "Nebuchadnezzar Captures Jerusalem and Exiles Jehoiachin", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "597 BCE", "year": -597, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The 597 BCE deportation creates the exilic community addressed by Ezekiel and precedes Jerusalem’s final destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 24:8–17; Jeremiah 24 and 29; Ezekiel 1:1–3.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-mesopotamia" ] } }, { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "eventTitle": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ezekiel-call", "title": "Ezekiel’s Prophetic Call in Babylon", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "593/592 BCE", "year": -592, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ezekiel receives his prophetic commission among the Judean deportees by the Chebar canal and begins a series of unusually precise dated oracles.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezekiel 1:1–3; 3:15; 8:1; 20:1", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] } }, { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "eventTitle": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Military ostraca from Lachish preserve the anxious administrative language of Judah’s final days.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "lachish-letters", "title": "The Lachish Letters and Judah’s Final Defense", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 589–588 BCE", "year": -588, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Military ostraca from Lachish preserve the anxious administrative language of Judah’s final days.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Jeremiah 34:7 mentions Lachish and Azekah among the last fortified cities.", "sourceIds": [ "bm-lachish-letter1", "bm-lachish-letter2" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "eventTitle": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem, ends the Davidic monarchy, and exiles much of Judah’s leadership.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-586", "title": "Jerusalem and the First Temple Destroyed", "era": "Divided Kingdom and Assyria", "displayDate": "586 BCE", "year": -586, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Babylon destroys Jerusalem, ends the Davidic monarchy, and exiles much of Judah’s leadership.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "2 Kings 25; Jeremiah 39; Lamentations", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-mesopotamia" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "eventTitle": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A fugitive reaches Ezekiel’s community with confirmation that Jerusalem has fallen, marking the turn from warning to restoration in the book.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-fall-reported-ezekiel", "title": "Jerusalem’s Fall Reported to Ezekiel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "586/585 BCE", "year": -585, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A fugitive reaches Ezekiel’s community with confirmation that Jerusalem has fallen, marking the turn from warning to restoration in the book.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezekiel 24:1–2; 33:21–22", "sourceIds": [ "bm-babylon-chronicle-597", "met-babylon", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] } }, { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "eventTitle": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "gedaliah-aftermath", "title": "Gedaliah, Mizpah, and the Aftermath of Destruction", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "c. 586–582 BCE", "year": -583, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The assassination of Gedaliah and flight to Egypt show that Judah’s collapse continued after Jerusalem’s destruction.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "2 Kings 25:22–26; Jeremiah 40–44.", "sourceIds": [ "met-mesopotamia", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "eventTitle": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jehoiachin-released", "title": "Jehoiachin Released from Babylonian Imprisonment", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "561/560 BCE", "year": -560, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; 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the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "zerubbabel-return", "title": "Return under Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel", "era": "Babylonian Exile and Persian Return", "displayDate": "538–520 BCE", "year": -530, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The first return and altar restoration begin the long reconstruction of Judean communal life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ezra 1–5; Haggai; Zechariah 1–8.", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "bm-cyrus-cylinder" ] } }, { "eventId": "second-temple", "eventTitle": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "second-temple", "title": "The Second Temple Completed", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "516 BCE", "year": -516, "confidence": "standard-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jerusalem again possesses a functioning Temple, but no independent Davidic king.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 5–6; Haggai; Zechariah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "eventTitle": "Esther at the Persian Court", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther at the Persian Court", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483–473 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Esther’s narrative places a Judean woman and her guardian Mordecai within the royal court of Ahasuerus, commonly identified with Xerxes I.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "esther-persian-court", "title": "Esther at the Persian Court", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 483–473 BCE", "year": -478, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Esther’s narrative places a Judean woman and her guardian Mordecai within the royal court of Ahasuerus, commonly identified with Xerxes I.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora" ] } }, { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "eventTitle": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "purim-crisis", "title": "Haman’s Plot and the Institution of Purim", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 474/473 BCE", "year": -473, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Haman’s decree, Esther’s intervention, and the reversal of the threatened violence become the narrative basis for the festival of Purim.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Esther 3–10", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "eventTitle": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ezra-nehemiah", "title": "Ezra and Nehemiah", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "c. 458–445 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Torah instruction, covenant renewal, and rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls reshape the restored community.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Ezra 7–10; Nehemiah", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid" ] } }, { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "eventTitle": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "nehemiah-wall", "title": "Nehemiah Rebuilds Jerusalem’s Wall", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "445/444 BCE", "year": -444, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Nehemiah receives Persian authorization, surveys Jerusalem, organizes the wall project, and completes it amid local opposition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Nehemiah 1–7; 12:27–43", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] } }, { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "eventTitle": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "malachi-late-persian", "title": "Malachi and the Late Persian Community", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 450–430 BCE", "year": -440, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Malachi addresses priestly corruption, social injustice, covenant fidelity, and expectation within the restored Temple community.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Malachi 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "met-achaemenid", "met-cyrus-diaspora", "asor-elephantine" ] } }, { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "eventTitle": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Aramaic papyri reveal a Judean military community in Egypt with its own temple and complex religious practices.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-elephantine", "asor-elephantine" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "elephantine-community", "title": "The Judean Community and Temple at Elephantine", "era": "Second Temple and Persian Period", "displayDate": "c. 500–400 BCE", "year": -450, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Aramaic papyri reveal a Judean military community in Egypt with its own temple and complex religious practices.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The community is not narrated in the canonical Bible; its letters illuminate diaspora Judaism during the Persian period.", "sourceIds": [ "met-elephantine", "asor-elephantine" ] } }, { "eventId": "alexander", "eventTitle": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea enters the Hellenistic world, where Greek language and institutions become increasingly influential.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "alexander", "title": "Alexander Conquers the Levant", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "332 BCE", "year": -332, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea enters the Hellenistic world, where Greek language and institutions become increasingly influential.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background to the later Second Temple period", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "eventTitle": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish scriptures are translated into Greek, creating the textual world later quoted extensively by New Testament authors.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "septuagint-origins", "title": "The Greek Translation of Jewish Scripture", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 280–150 BCE", "year": -250, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish scriptures are translated into Greek, creating the textual world later quoted extensively by New Testament authors.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The Letter of Aristeas preserves a legendary account of the Pentateuch’s translation; the New Testament often uses Greek-scripture wording.", "sourceIds": [ "codex-sinaiticus", "wacholder-lxx-440" ] } }, { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "eventTitle": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea passes through competing Hellenistic imperial systems that reshape taxation, cities, language, and elite politics.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ptolemaic-seleucid-judea", "title": "Judea between the Ptolemies and Seleucids", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "301–198 BCE", "year": -220, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Judea passes through competing Hellenistic imperial systems that reshape taxation, cities, language, and elite politics.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Daniel 7–11 interprets Hellenistic kingdoms apocalyptically; later Jewish histories preserve the crisis context.", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "maccabees", "eventTitle": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish resistance defeats Seleucid efforts to suppress traditional worship and rededicates the Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "maccabees", "title": "Maccabean Revolt and Temple Rededication", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "167–164 BCE", "year": -165, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jewish resistance defeats Seleucid efforts to suppress traditional worship and rededicates the Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Daniel as interpreted by many readers; 1–2 Maccabees in the broader Jewish canon", "sourceIds": [ "met-seleucid", "bas-maccabees" ] } }, { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "eventTitle": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The revolt develops into an independent Jewish state combining priestly and royal authority.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hasmonean-state", "title": "Hasmonean Independence and Expansion", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "142–63 BCE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The revolt develops into an independent Jewish state combining priestly and royal authority.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Maccabees; Josephus; later rabbinic memory.", "sourceIds": [ "bas-maccabees", "met-seleucid" ] } }, { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "eventTitle": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The scrolls preserve biblical manuscripts, legal texts, apocalyptic writings, prayers, commentaries, and sectarian rules from the world before and during Jesus.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "dead-sea-scrolls-community", "title": "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Jewish Diversity", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "c. 250 BCE–70 CE", "year": -100, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The scrolls preserve biblical manuscripts, legal texts, apocalyptic writings, prayers, commentaries, and sectarian rules from the world before and during Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The scrolls illuminate Jewish interpretation and expectation but do not mention Jesus or Christianity directly.", "sourceIds": [ "israel-museum-dss", "iaa-dss-library" ] } }, { "eventId": "pompey", "eventTitle": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman intervention ends effective Hasmonean independence.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "pompey", "title": "Pompey Enters Jerusalem", "era": "Second Temple Period", "displayDate": "63 BCE", "year": -63, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman intervention ends effective Hasmonean independence.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Political background to the New Testament", "sourceIds": [ "met-east-med", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod", "eventTitle": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "confidence", "historicalRange" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE; death disputed", "year": -37, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "37 BCE–4/1 BCE", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Rule begins 37 BCE; death disputed between 4 BCE conventional and 1 BCE project model", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod-temple", "eventTitle": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod’s monumental temple project creates the physical and political center of the Gospel narratives.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod-temple", "title": "Herod Rebuilds and Expands the Jerusalem Temple", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "20/19 BCE onward", "year": -19, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod’s monumental temple project creates the physical and political center of the Gospel narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "John 2:20; the Synoptic temple narratives; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-consensus", "met-east-med" ] } }, { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "eventTitle": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Augustus’s settlement of Roman power creates the imperial political framework of Jesus’s birth.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "augustus-principate", "title": "Augustus and the Roman Imperial Order", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "27 BCE–14 CE", "year": -10, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Augustus’s settlement of Roman power creates the imperial political framework of Jesus’s birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1 names Caesar Augustus; New Testament chronology must be located within Roman provincial administration.", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "eventTitle": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Yeshua", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "broadly c. 6–2 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "reasoned-minority", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "c. 6–2 BCE", "lesson": "Yeshua was born before Herod’s death, but the exact civil year and day cannot be established from surviving evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE unless the 1 BCE Herod chronology is separately adopted", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "eventTitle": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "eventTitle": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "magi", "eventTitle": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "eventTitle": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "eventTitle": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "historicalRange" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE conventional", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE unless the minority chronology is separately adopted", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE remains the majority scholarly chronology", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "eventTitle": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "eventTitle": "Quirinius, the Census, and the Annexation of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Quirinius, the Census, and the Annexation of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The securely dated census of 6 CE is a central historical problem for interpreting Luke’s birth chronology.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "quirinius-census", "title": "Quirinius, the Census, and the Annexation of Judea", "era": "Hellenistic and Roman Judea", "displayDate": "6 CE", "year": 6, "confidence": "documented-and-problematic", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The securely dated census of 6 CE is a central historical problem for interpreting Luke’s birth chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:1–5; Acts 5:37; Josephus.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "eventTitle": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "eventTitle": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The ministries of John and Jesus occur under Tiberius and the prefecture of Pontius Pilate.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "tiberius-pilate", "title": "Tiberius, Pontius Pilate, and Roman Judea", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "14–36 CE", "year": 27, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The ministries of John and Jesus occur under Tiberius and the prefecture of Pontius Pilate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 3:1–2; all four Passion narratives.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-crucifixion" ] } }, { "eventId": "john-baptist", "eventTitle": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "John announces judgment, calls Israel to repentance, baptizes in the Jordan, and inaugurates the public setting of Jesus’s ministry.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "john-baptist", "title": "John the Baptist’s Ministry", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 27–29 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "John announces judgment, calls Israel to repentance, baptizes in the Jordan, and inaugurates the public setting of Jesus’s ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1; Matthew 3; Luke 3; John 1; Josephus, Antiquities 18.", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "eventTitle": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is baptized by John and begins the transition into his public ministry.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-baptism", "title": "Baptism of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28 CE", "year": 28, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is baptized by John and begins the transition into his public ministry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 1:9–11; Matthew 3:13–17; Luke 3:21–23; John 1:29–34", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "josephus-ant18" ] } }, { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "eventTitle": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Antipas executes John, whose movement and death are independently remembered by Josephus and the Synoptic Gospels.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "john-baptist-death", "title": "Death of John the Baptist", "era": "Jesus and the Early Roman Period", "displayDate": "c. 29–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Antipas executes John, whose movement and death are independently remembered by Josephus and the Synoptic Gospels.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 6:14–29; Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 9:7–9; Josephus, Antiquities 18.116–119", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant18", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ministry", "eventTitle": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible", "displayDate", "historicalRange" ], "left": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "c. 28/29–30/33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": false, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30 CE (project model; 33 CE alternative)", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE and ends in either 30 or 33 CE depending on the Johannine festival sequence", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "eventTitle": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "triumphal-entry", "title": "Triumphal Entry and the Final Jerusalem Week", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus enters Jerusalem for Passover, confronts the Temple establishment, shares a final meal, and is arrested.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Mark 11–15; Matthew 21–27; Luke 19–23; John 12–19", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "eventTitle": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "historicalRange", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "30 or 33 CE", "lesson": "Yeshua was crucified under Pontius Pilate; April 7, 30 CE and April 3, 33 CE remain the principal calendar candidates.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday Passover candidates: April 7, 30 CE or April 3, 33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "eventTitle": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "eventTitle": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-church-growth", "title": "Growth of the Jerusalem Community", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 30–33 CE", "year": 32, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Jerusalem movement develops shared institutions, public teaching, charitable distribution, and conflict with Temple authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 2:42–6:7", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "eventTitle": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "stephen-martyrdom", "title": "Stephen’s Death and the Dispersion", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 32–34 CE", "year": 33, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Stephen is executed after a dispute and hearing, and many members of the Jerusalem community disperse into Judea and Samaria.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 6:8–8:4", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "eventTitle": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul changes from persecutor to missionary after an experience he interprets as an appearance and call of the risen Jesus.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-conversion", "title": "Conversion and Call of Paul", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 33–35 CE", "year": 34, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul changes from persecutor to missionary after an experience he interprets as an appearance and call of the risen Jesus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 9; 22; 26; Galatians 1:11–17; 1 Corinthians 15:8–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-first-jerusalem", "title": "Paul’s First Post-Conversion Jerusalem Visit", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 36–38 CE", "year": 37, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul visits Jerusalem, meets Cephas and James according to Galatians, and then departs for Syria and Cilicia.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Galatians 1:18–24; Acts 9:26–30", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "eventTitle": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "cornelius-gentile-mission", "title": "Cornelius and the Opening of the Gentile Mission", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 38–41 CE", "year": 40, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Peter’s encounter with Cornelius becomes Acts’ programmatic account of uncircumcised Gentiles entering the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 10–11", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "antioch-church", "eventTitle": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "antioch-church", "title": "The Church at Antioch", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 40–43 CE", "year": 42, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A mixed Jewish and Gentile community develops at Antioch and becomes the principal base for Barnabas and Paul’s wider mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; Galatians 2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "eventTitle": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "james-zebedee-peter-prison", "title": "James Son of Zebedee Killed and Peter Imprisoned", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Herod Agrippa I executes James and imprisons Peter during his final year, according to Acts.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 12:1–19", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "eventTitle": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Agrippa I dies suddenly after public acclamation, ending the brief reunification of much of Herod the Great’s kingdom.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "agrippa-i-death", "title": "Death of Herod Agrippa I", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "44 CE", "year": 44, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Agrippa I dies suddenly after public acclamation, ending the brief reunification of much of Herod the Great’s kingdom.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 12:20–23; Josephus, Antiquities 19.343–350", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant19", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-first-journey", "title": "Paul’s First Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 46–48 CE", "year": 47, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul and Barnabas travel from Antioch through Cyprus and southern Anatolia, establishing assemblies before returning to Antioch.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 13–14", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "eventTitle": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Leaders in Jerusalem and Antioch negotiate the status of Gentile converts and the obligations expected of them.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-council", "title": "The Jerusalem Council", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "48/49 CE", "year": 49, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Leaders in Jerusalem and Antioch negotiate the status of Gentile converts and the obligations expected of them.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 15; Galatians 2:1–10", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "eventTitle": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul travels through Anatolia into Macedonia and Achaia, founding or strengthening communities at Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-second-journey", "title": "Paul’s Second Missionary Journey", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 49–52 CE", "year": 51, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul travels through Anatolia into Macedonia and Achaia, founding or strengthening communities at Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 15:36–18:22; 1 Thessalonians", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-writings" ] } }, { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "eventTitle": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia, during his Corinthian mission.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "gallio-corinth", "title": "Paul before Gallio at Corinth", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 51–52 CE", "year": 52, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia, during his Corinthian mission.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 18:1–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-corinth", "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "eventTitle": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul makes Ephesus a long-term base, revisits Macedonia and Achaia, organizes the collection for Jerusalem, and begins his final return.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-third-journey", "title": "Paul’s Third Journey and Ephesian Ministry", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 53–57 CE", "year": 55, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul makes Ephesus a long-term base, revisits Macedonia and Achaia, organizes the collection for Jerusalem, and begins his final return.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 18:23–21:16; 1–2 Corinthians; Romans", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-paul-corinth" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "eventTitle": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-arrest-jerusalem", "title": "Paul Arrested in Jerusalem", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57 CE", "year": 57, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul returns with the collection, is seized after conflict at the Temple, and is transferred under guard to Caesarea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 21:17–23:35", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "eventTitle": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-caesarea-imprisonment", "title": "Paul Imprisoned at Caesarea", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 57–59 CE", "year": 58, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul remains in custody under Felix and Festus, appeals to Caesar, and speaks before Agrippa II.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 23:35–26:32", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "eventTitle": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-voyage-shipwreck", "title": "Paul’s Voyage and Shipwreck", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 59–60 CE", "year": 60, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Paul is transported toward Rome, survives a storm and shipwreck, winters on Malta, and continues to Italy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 27:1–28:15", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "eventTitle": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "paul-rome-imprisonment", "title": "Paul’s First Roman Imprisonment", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "c. 60–62 CE", "year": 61, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome, teaching while awaiting resolution of his appeal.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Acts 28:16–31; Philippians; Philemon", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "cambridge-acts-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "eventTitle": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The high priest Ananus convenes a council and has James, the brother of Jesus called Christ, executed.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "james-brother-death", "title": "Death of James, Brother of Jesus", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "62 CE", "year": 62, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The high priest Ananus convenes a council and has James, the brother of Jesus called Christ, executed.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Antiquities 20.197–203; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant20", "cambridge-paul-life" ] } }, { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "eventTitle": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After the fire of Rome, Nero punishes Christians in the capital, creating the earliest clear Roman literary notice of an imperial persecution focused on the movement.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; later Christian traditions", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-paul-life" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "neronian-persecution", "title": "The Neronian Persecution at Rome", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "64–68 CE", "year": 65, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After the fire of Rome, Nero punishes Christians in the capital, creating the earliest clear Roman literary notice of an imperial persecution focused on the movement.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Tacitus, Annals 15.44; 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the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Early Christian tradition places the deaths of Peter and Paul at Rome during the Neronian period.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Clement 5–6; later second-century traditions", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-paul-life", "cambridge-paul-writings", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "eventTitle": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Rebellion against Rome expands from Jerusalem and Judea into a major war that ends the Second Temple order and reshapes Jewish and Christian history.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "first-jewish-revolt", "title": "The First Jewish Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "66–73/74 CE", "year": 67, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Rebellion against Rome expands from Jerusalem and Judea into a major war that ends the Second Temple order and reshapes Jewish and Christian history.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, The Jewish War; Roman historical and material sources", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "eventTitle": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Titus’s army captures Jerusalem, burns the Temple, and dismantles the political and cultic center of Judea.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jerusalem-temple-destroyed-70", "title": "Jerusalem and the Second Temple Destroyed", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "70 CE", "year": 70, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Titus’s army captures Jerusalem, burns the Temple, and dismantles the political and cultic center of Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 5–7; Roman monuments and archaeology", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-war6", "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "masada-falls", "eventTitle": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman forces besiege and capture Masada, conventionally marking the final major military episode of the First Revolt.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "masada-falls", "title": "Fall of Masada", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "73/74 CE", "year": 73, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Roman forces besiege and capture Masada, conventionally marking the final major military episode of the First Revolt.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Josephus, Jewish War 7; archaeological remains of the Roman siege", "sourceIds": [ "bm-first-revolt", "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } }, { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "eventTitle": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "changeType": "added in right model", "changedFields": [ "visible" ], "left": { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A second major revolt establishes a short-lived Jewish administration under Simon bar Kosiba before overwhelming Roman suppression.", "visible": false, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "bar-kokhba-revolt", "title": "The Bar Kokhba Revolt", "era": "Roman Judea and Early Christianity", "displayDate": "132–135 CE", "year": 133, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A second major revolt establishes a short-lived Jewish administration under Simon bar Kosiba before overwhelming Roman suppression.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Cassius Dio 69; Bar Kokhba letters, coins, and archaeological records", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires-gallery", "met-world-empires" ] } } ] }, { "id": "conventional--early-exodus", "leftId": "conventional", "rightId": "early-exodus", "differenceCount": 49, "visibilityChanges": 0, "dateChanges": 42, "interpretiveChanges": 16, "differences": [ { "eventId": "terru-terah", "eventTitle": "Terru of Urkesh and Terah", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 18th century BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "documented-core", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE context; Terah himself is not independently datable", "lesson": "Terru is a historically attested ruler or high official at Urkesh; the conventional model does not identify him with Terah.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "terru-terah", "title": "Terru of Urkesh and a Possible Terah Identification", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Earlier 2nd millennium BCE", "year": -1775, "confidence": "working-reconstruction", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad 18th-century BCE context; Terah himself is not independently datable", "lesson": "This project provisionally identifies Terru of Urkesh with Terah, Abraham’s father.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 11:26–32", "sourceIds": [ "urkesh-terru", "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "abraham-call", "eventTitle": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1770, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "The Abraham traditions are located in the ancient Near Eastern world, but conventional scholarship does not assign Abraham a secure absolute date.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "abraham-call", "title": "Abraham’s Call and Migration", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 21st–20th century BCE", "year": -2050, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Middle Bronze cultural horizon; Abraham is not independently datable", "lesson": "God calls Abraham from the Mesopotamian world toward Canaan and promises land, descendants, and blessing to the nations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 12:1–9", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "eventTitle": "Genesis 14 and Hammurabi", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Amraphel, King of Shinar", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified", "lesson": "Amraphel remains unidentified; the older equation with Hammurabi is generally rejected.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "amraphel-hammurabi", "title": "Genesis 14 Coalition", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Identification not required", "year": -1760, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Old Babylonian period, broadly 19th–18th centuries BCE; Amraphel remains unidentified", "lesson": "The early-Exodus chronology does not require Amraphel to be Hammurabi.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 14", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon", "urkesh-terru" ] } }, { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "eventTitle": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "Not securely datable", "year": -1690, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "isaac-jacob", "title": "Isaac, Jacob, and the Twelve Sons", "era": "Patriarchal Age", "displayDate": "c. 20th–19th century BCE", "year": -1900, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The covenant family expands from Abraham to Isaac, Jacob—renamed Israel—and the ancestors of the tribes.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 21–36", "sourceIds": [ "met-babylon" ] } }, { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "eventTitle": "Joseph Serves a Hyksos Pharaoh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date and dynasty uncertain", "year": -1615, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable", "lesson": "The Joseph narrative contains Egyptian features, but no consensus identifies his pharaoh or dynasty.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "joseph-hyksos", "title": "Joseph in an Earlier Egyptian Setting", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 19th–18th century BCE", "year": -1800, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Hyksos/eastern-Delta context, broadly c. 1650–1550 BCE; Joseph’s individual date is not independently recoverable", "lesson": "Joseph is placed before the Hyksos period, often within a Middle Kingdom or early Second Intermediate context.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Genesis 37–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "eventTitle": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "A dynasty of western Asiatic origin rules northern Egypt from Avaris in the eastern Nile Delta.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "hyksos-egypt", "title": "Hyksos Rule in Northern Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1650–1550 BCE", "year": -1600, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Hyksos rule occurs after Joseph in this chronology and may form part of the background between Joseph and the Exodus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical setting proposed for Genesis 39–50", "sourceIds": [ "arce-hyksos", "stantis-hyksos" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-born", "eventTitle": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date uncertain", "year": -1321, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-born", "title": "Decree Against Hebrew Male Infants and Birth of Moses", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1526 BCE", "year": -1526, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "No externally controlled date for Moses’s birth", "lesson": "The project places the decree against newborn Hebrew boys and Moses’s birth in the aftermath of the Daḫamunzu–Zannanza crisis, probably during Ay’s brief reign.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:15–2:10", "sourceIds": [ "gueterbock-deeds", "arce-ramessides" ] } }, { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "eventTitle": "Horemheb’s Restoration and Moses’s Flight", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "The Oppression of Israel", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "No specific pharaoh identified", "year": -1305, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "Exodus does not name the pharaoh or connect the oppression to the Zannanza crisis or Hittite war.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "horemheb-oppression", "title": "Oppression before the Early Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 16th–15th century BCE", "year": -1500, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Horemheb’s reign and reform program", "lesson": "The oppression is assigned to an earlier New Kingdom setting rather than the post-Amarna crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; Exodus 4:19", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "horemheb-edict-mma" ] } }, { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "eventTitle": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Seti I attempts to restore Egyptian control and temporarily recaptures Kadesh.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "seti-campaigns", "title": "Seti I Campaigns in Canaan and Syria", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1294–1279 BCE", "year": -1286, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Seti I's campaigns occur long after the Exodus in this model and are not its immediate background.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Background for the militarization of the eastern Delta", "sourceIds": [ "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-midian", "eventTitle": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1300, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-midian", "title": "Moses Flees to Midian", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1486 BCE in the early model", "year": -1486, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "After the proposed Horemheb flight and before the 1254 BCE return", "lesson": "After killing an Egyptian, Moses escapes Egypt, joins Jethro’s household, and remains in Midian until the deaths of the men seeking his life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 2:11–25; 4:19; Acts 7:23–30", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "eventTitle": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II develops Pi-Ramesses into a royal, military, industrial, and storage center. The project places the final phase of Israelite compulsory labor in this Ramesside construction economy.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ramesses-reign", "title": "Ramesses II, Pi-Ramesses, and the Final Labor Phase", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1279–1213 BCE", "year": -1279, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Rameses place-name is treated as a later updating of an older location name.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 1:11; 5:1–21; 12:37", "sourceIds": [ "arce-ramessides", "qantir-project", "franzmeier-piramesse-2024" ] } }, { "eventId": "kadesh", "eventTitle": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ramesses II confronts the Hittite Empire at Kadesh. The battle demonstrates the continuing threat environment but is not treated as the original trigger for the infant decree.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "kadesh", "title": "Battle of Kadesh", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "1274 BCE", "year": -1274, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Kadesh remains an important Egyptian–Hittite battle but is unrelated to the enslavement or Exodus in this model.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Later culmination of the Egyptian–Hittite conflict environment proposed behind Exodus 1:10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-kadesh", "isac-seti" ] } }, { "eventId": "burning-bush", "eventTitle": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1255, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "burning-bush", "title": "The Burning Bush and Moses’s Return to Egypt", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Immediately before the adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate; the exact civil year is not externally recoverable.", "lesson": "God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends him back to Egypt shortly before the project’s adopted 1254 BCE Exodus coordinate.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–4", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "arce-ramessides", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999" ] } }, { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "eventTitle": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "plagues-passover", "title": "Death of Amun-her-khepeshef and the First Passover", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Amun-her-khepeshef’s death/disappearance is commonly placed around Ramesses II Year 25–26, c. 1255–1253 BCE", "lesson": "The project identifies the disappearance and probable death of Ramesses II’s firstborn crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef around regnal Year 25 with the death of Pharaoh’s firstborn in Exodus 12, and places the first Passover in the same year.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "qantir-project" ] } }, { "eventId": "exodus", "eventTitle": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "title", "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "The Exodus is central to Israel's biblical identity, but its date, scale, route, and Egyptian setting remain disputed.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "exodus", "title": "The Exodus under Ramesses II", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE", "year": -1446, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broad Ramesside context c. 1270–1230 BCE; exact 1254 coordinate depends on the firstborn-prince synchronism", "lesson": "Israel leaves Egypt approximately 480 years before Solomon's fourth year, following a chronological reading of 1 Kings 6:1.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 3–15", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "payraudeau-amunherkhepeshef-1999", "dodson-hilton-royal-families", "theban-mapping-kv5", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "eventTitle": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1254, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sea-crossing", "title": "Departure from Egypt and the Sea Crossing", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446 BCE in the early model", "year": -1446, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel departs Egypt, is pursued by Pharaoh’s forces, crosses the body of water called Yam Suph, and celebrates deliverance.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 12:31–15:21", "sourceIds": [ "qantir-project", "bas-dating-exodus", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "eventTitle": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1234, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "sinai-wilderness", "title": "Sinai Covenant and Wilderness", "era": "Egyptian Empire and Exodus", "displayDate": "c. 1446–1406 BCE", "year": -1426, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "schematic-period", "historicalRange": "Forty-year biblical framework; exact elapsed duration disputed", "lesson": "Israel receives the Torah, tabernacle, priesthood, and covenant identity during the wilderness period. The project retains a forty-year interval for the adopted sequence while treating biblical age totals as non-controlling for Moses’s earlier life.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Exodus 19–40; Leviticus; Numbers; Deuteronomy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "eventTitle": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1214, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "moses-death-jordan", "title": "Death of Moses and Crossing of the Jordan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE in the early model", "year": -1406, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Moses dies east of the Jordan, Joshua assumes leadership, and Israel crosses into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Deuteronomy 31–34; Joshua 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "ahlstrom-merneptah", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "eventTitle": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1213, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jericho-campaign", "title": "Jericho and Joshua’s Central Campaign", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406–1400 BCE in the early model", "year": -1403, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; localized conflicts and settlement processes may span longer", "lesson": "Joshua’s campaign traditions are plotted in the transition in the late thirteenth century BCE but are treated as a compressed account of localized conflicts, migration, alliance, and longer settlement—not one archaeologically uniform blitzkrieg.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 5–12", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "cline-hazor", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "eventTitle": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Late 13th–12th centuries BCE", "year": -1211, "confidence": "historically-supported", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; securely before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "A distinct Israelite population emerges in Canaan by the end of the Late Bronze Age and beginning of the Iron Age.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "israel-canaan", "title": "Israel Becomes Established in Canaan", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1406, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Late Bronze–Iron I transition; securely before c. 1208 BCE", "lesson": "Joshua's entry into Canaan is placed near 1406 BCE, with later settlement and consolidation continuing for generations.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua; Judges 1", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "merneptah", "eventTitle": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "An Egyptian royal inscription identifies Israel as a people already present in Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "merneptah", "title": "Merneptah Stela Names Israel", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1208 BCE", "year": -1208, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The stela remains the earliest surviving external reference to Israel, centuries after the proposed entry into Canaan.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Historical anchor following Joshua and before the monarchy", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "eventTitle": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Date disputed", "year": -1200, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shechem-joshua-death", "title": "Covenant Renewal at Shechem and the Death of Joshua", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "early 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1390, "confidence": "traditional-chronology", "coordinateRole": "relative-sequence", "historicalRange": "Late thirteenth to early twelfth century BCE; exact death year unrecoverable", "lesson": "Joshua gathers Israel at Shechem for covenant renewal, after which his death and the passing of his generation introduce the Judges era.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Joshua 23–24; Judges 2:6–10", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "ahlstrom-merneptah" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges", "eventTitle": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact duration and sequence uncertain", "year": -1125, "confidence": "broad-historical-fit", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges", "title": "Judges Era: Regional Deliverers and Overlapping Cycles", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1400–1050 BCE in the early comparison model", "year": -1225, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Israel remains a decentralized tribal society in which local oppressions, deliverers, periods of rest, and internal crises overlap before the monarchy.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 2–21; Ruth", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "eventTitle": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1192, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-dan-migration", "title": "Micah’s Shrine and the Danite Migration", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1385, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Danite migration and shrine narrative belongs to the unsettled early tribal period, though Judges places it in a literary appendix.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 17–18", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "eventTitle": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1188, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judges-benjamin-war", "title": "Gibeah Crisis and the Benjaminite Civil War", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Early Judges era after c. 1406 BCE", "year": -1375, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Gibeah atrocity and intertribal war expose the institutional weakness of the pre-monarchic confederation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 19–21", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "eventTitle": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1178, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-othniel", "title": "Othniel and the Southern Deliverance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1350, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Othniel represents the first major deliverer cycle after the introductory settlement narratives.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:7–11", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "eventTitle": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1158, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ehud", "title": "Ehud and the Moabite Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 14th–13th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1300, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ehud’s Benjaminite-Moabite conflict represents a regional eastern cycle that need not occupy eighty exclusive national years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:12–30", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "eventTitle": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1148, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-shamgar", "title": "Shamgar and Local Resistance", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1260, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Shamgar appears as a brief local deliverer associated with the insecure conditions remembered around Deborah’s generation.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 3:31; 5:6", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "eventTitle": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1138, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-deborah-barak", "title": "Deborah, Barak, and the Northern Coalition", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 13th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1230, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Deborah and Barak lead a northern coalition against Sisera in a cycle centered on the Jezreel and Kishon regions.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 4–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "eventTitle": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1118, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-gideon", "title": "Gideon and the Midianite Raids", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1175, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Gideon’s cycle depicts seasonal eastern raids, a temporary tribal coalition, and the danger of quasi-monarchical power.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 6–8", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "eventTitle": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1103, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-abimelech", "title": "Abimelech’s Rule at Shechem", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th century BCE in the early model", "year": -1140, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Abimelech’s violent three-year rule is a local kingship experiment and follows Gideon within the narrative sequence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 9", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "eventTitle": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1092, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-tola-jair", "title": "Tola and Jair", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 12th–11th centuries BCE in the early model", "year": -1120, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Tola and Jair represent longer regional judgeships whose reported durations may overlap other local crises.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:1–5", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "eventTitle": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1085, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-jephthah", "title": "Jephthah, Ammon, and the “Three Hundred Years” Claim", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE; 300-year statement broadly compatible", "year": -1100, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jephthah’s eastern conflict is placed late in the adopted Judges period. His claim of three hundred years is treated as part of an unreliable character’s diplomatic rhetoric rather than a narrator-authenticated absolute synchronism.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 10:6–12:7, especially 11:26", "sourceIds": [ "laato-480", "abr-early-defense", "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-samson", "eventTitle": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1076, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-samson", "title": "Samson and the Philistine Frontier", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Samson’s twenty-year activity belongs within, not after, the forty-year Philistine oppression and overlaps the Eli–Samuel transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 13–16", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "eventTitle": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1070, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "judge-ibzan-elon-abdon", "title": "Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 11th century BCE", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The final minor judges represent short regional terms between Jephthah’s eastern conflict and the monarchy transition.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Judges 12:8–15", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel", "laato-480" ] } }, { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "eventTitle": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · exact absolute date uncertain", "year": -1066, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ruth-judges", "title": "Ruth, Bethlehem, and the Davidic Genealogy", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "During the Judges era; exact generation uncertain", "year": -1080, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Ruth locates a family migration, return, and marriage within the Judges era and links Bethlehem’s local history to David’s ancestry.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Ruth 1–4", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "eventTitle": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "Iron I · c. eleventh century BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "shiloh-samuel", "title": "Shiloh, Samuel, and the Ark Crisis", "era": "Settlement, Judges, and Monarchy", "displayDate": "c. 1100–1050 BCE", "year": -1075, "confidence": "biblical-chronology", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Shiloh traditions connect the decentralized judges period to the rise of monarchy and the Philistine crisis.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "1 Samuel 1–7; Jeremiah 7:12–14.", "sourceIds": [ "isac-ancient-israel" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod", "eventTitle": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Rule begins 37 BCE; death disputed between 4 BCE conventional and 1 BCE project model", "lesson": "Herod rules Judea as Rome's client king and dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing scholarly chronology.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod", "title": "Herod the Great Rules Judea", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "37–4 BCE", "year": -37, "confidence": "documented", "coordinateRole": "external-anchor", "historicalRange": "Rule begins 37 BCE; death disputed between 4 BCE conventional and 1 BCE project model", "lesson": "Herod rules as Rome’s client king and undertakes massive construction, including expansion of the Jerusalem Temple.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2; Luke 1", "sourceIds": [ "met-world-empires", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "eventTitle": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "Jesus was likely born before Herod's conventional death date of 4 BCE; the exact day and year are unknown.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "birth-jesus", "title": "Birth of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 6–4 BCE unless the 1 BCE Herod chronology is separately adopted", "year": -5, "confidence": "historically-plausible", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Broadly c. 6–2 BCE, depending chiefly on Herod’s death chronology", "lesson": "The timeline retains September 11, 3 BCE as the project’s adopted astronomical hypothesis, not as an independently established birthday. The defensible historical range is broader.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 1–2; Luke 1–2; Revelation 12 in the adopted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-sept11", "heiser-podcast138", "cambridge-herod-minority", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "eventTitle": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "within a week of a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-circumcision", "title": "Circumcision and Naming of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately September 18, 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Jesus is circumcised and formally named on the eighth day in accordance with Jewish law.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "eventTitle": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "about forty days after a 6–4 BCE birth", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-presentation", "title": "Presentation of Jesus in the Temple", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Approximately October 3 BCE", "year": -3, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Mary and Joseph bring Jesus to Jerusalem for purification and presentation, where Simeon and Anna encounter the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:22–38; Leviticus 12", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "heiser-sept11" ] } }, { "eventId": "magi", "eventTitle": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "Before 4 BCE in Matthew's chronology", "year": -2, "confidence": "theological-text", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "magi", "title": "The Magi Visit the Young Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "The Magi interpret royal celestial signs, travel to Judea, and visit Jesus after his birth.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "Matthew 2:1–12", "sourceIds": [ "heiser-podcast138", "vatican-rev12" ] } }, { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "eventTitle": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "before Herod’s conventional 4 BCE death", "year": -5, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "flight-egypt", "title": "Flight into Egypt", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 2–1 BCE", "year": -2, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Joseph takes Mary and Jesus to Egypt after the Magi depart and before Herod’s attempt to kill the child.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:13–18", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "cambridge-herod-minority", "josephus-ant17" ] } }, { "eventId": "herod-death", "eventTitle": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "multiple", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence", "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE", "year": -4, "confidence": "documented-context", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE remains the majority scholarly chronology", "lesson": "Herod dies in 4 BCE in the prevailing reconstruction of Josephus and the eclipse evidence.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "herod-death", "title": "Death of Herod the Great", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "4 BCE unless the minority chronology is separately adopted", "year": -4, "confidence": "minority-chronology", "coordinateRole": "model-coordinate", "historicalRange": "4 or 1 BCE; 4 BCE remains the majority scholarly chronology", "lesson": "Joseph returns from Egypt after Herod’s death but settles in Galilee because Archelaus rules Judea.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus" ] } }, { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "eventTitle": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 4 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -4, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "return-nazareth", "title": "Return from Egypt and Settlement in Nazareth", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "1 BCE or shortly afterward", "year": -1, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "After Herod’s death, Joseph returns with his family and settles in Nazareth under the rule of Herod Antipas rather than Archelaus.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 2:19–23; Luke 2:39–40", "sourceIds": [ "josephus-ant17", "cambridge-herod-minority", "cambridge-herod-consensus", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "eventTitle": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "year" ], "left": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 8–9 CE", "year": 9, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "jesus-age-twelve", "title": "Jesus in the Temple at Age Twelve", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 10 CE", "year": 10, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "At age twelve Jesus remains in Jerusalem after Passover and is found among the Temple teachers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 2:41–52", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ministry", "eventTitle": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate" ], "left": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 27–30 CE", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE and ends in either 30 or 33 CE depending on the Johannine festival sequence", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ministry", "title": "Ministry of Jesus", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "c. 28/29–30 CE (project model; 33 CE alternative)", "year": 29, "confidence": "historically-anchored", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Begins c. 28/29 CE and ends in either 30 or 33 CE depending on the Johannine festival sequence", "lesson": "Jesus announces the kingdom of God, gathers twelve disciples, teaches, heals, and confronts religious and political authorities.", "visible": true, "adopted": true, "biblical": "The four Gospels; especially Luke 3:1–23 for chronological anchors", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-jesus-context", "met-world-empires", "tyndale-tiberius-fifteenth", "mohr-feasts-john", "cambridge-diatessaron-chronology" ] } }, { "eventId": "crucifixion", "eventTitle": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "changeType": "interpretation", "changedFields": [ "lesson" ], "left": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday Passover candidates: April 7, 30 CE or April 3, 33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate; 30 and 33 CE remain the principal proposed years.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "crucifixion", "title": "Crucifixion and Resurrection", "era": "Life of Jesus", "displayDate": "30 or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "two-option-window", "historicalRange": "Friday Passover candidates: April 7, 30 CE or April 3, 33 CE", "lesson": "Jesus is crucified under Pontius Pilate during Passover and proclaimed risen by his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Matthew 26–28; Mark 14–16; Luke 22–24; John 18–21", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-crucifixion", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } }, { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "eventTitle": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "changeType": "date", "changedFields": [ "displayDate", "confidence" ], "left": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "30 CE or 33 CE", "year": 30, "confidence": "two-major-options", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] }, "right": { "eventId": "ascension-pentecost", "title": "Ascension and Pentecost", "era": "Acts and the Apostolic Age", "displayDate": "Spring 30 CE preferred", "year": 30, "confidence": "model-dependent", "coordinateRole": "representative-coordinate", "historicalRange": "Absolute date not independently established; the displayed date is the adopted project coordinate.", "lesson": "Acts opens with Jesus’s ascension and the Pentecost experience that initiates the public Jerusalem mission of his followers.", "visible": true, "adopted": false, "biblical": "Luke 24:44–53; Acts 1–2", "sourceIds": [ "cambridge-acts-chronology", "cambridge-jesus-context" ] } } ] } ] }